introduction: myofascial pain dysfunction syndrome (mpds) is one of the most important causes of the orofacial pain. the main purpose of this study was to evaluate 40 related variables in this regard. materials and methods: thirty nine patients with mpds were evaluated in this study. different factors including age, gender, occupation, marital status, sensitivity of masticatory muscles, maximum...

background:   patellofemoral pain syndrome (pfps) is defined as pain surrounding the patella when sitting with bent knees for prolonged periods of time or when performing activities like ascending or descending stairs, squatting or   athletic activities. patella dislocation is not included in pfps.     purpose:   this review analyzes the evidence based conservative management of pfps.   methods...

introduction: methadone has been used as a drug to detoxify opioid tolerance. naloxane precipitated morphine withdrawal behaviours were attenuated by venlafaxine as an antidepressant. on the contrary, after detoxifying the opioids, spontaneous withdrawal syndrome may occur with pain sensitivity. therefore the present study aimed to examine the effects of chronic methadone (70 mg/kg, in drinking...

Cowden syndrome (CS) is a rare, autosomal dominant inherited disorder associated with multiple benign and malignant neoplasms, including breast cancer. Prophylactic resection of susceptible organs remains controversial. We briefly describe the syndrome and review management of the risk of CS-associated malignancies. Three cases of bilateral risk-reducing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstr...

Background: Iontophoresis is a non-invasive technique used to increase the penetration of substances through skin dermal layer (epidermis, dermis and parenchyma) in controlled manner. Technological advances recent decades have lowered cost equipment for implementation, which allowed expansion this technique. Objective: To evaluate effect vinica alkaloids iontophoresis on post-mastectomy shoulde...

BACKGROUND Surgery is usually the first treatment for breast cancer which is followed by some complications such as chronic pain. Post mastectomy pain syndrome (PMPS) is a common complication among breast cancer survivors and is considered as a chronic neuropathic pain in the side of surgery which persists more than three months. The exact mechanisms and related risk factors of the chronic pain...

Surgery is a mainstay of primary breast cancer therapy. Alterations in surgical technique have reduced normal tissue injury, yet pain and functional compromise continue to occur following treatment. A tenuous evidence base bolstered by considerable expert opinion suggests that early intervention with conventional rehabilitative modalities can reduce surgery-associated pain and dysfunction. Barr...

purpose there is a decrease in quadriceps muscle strength in subjects with patellofemoral pain syndrome. various types of strengthening exercises of the quadriceps are done as part of its management, but the effect of isotonic eccentric quadriceps muscle exercises on patellofemoral pain syndrome has not been studied. hence the aim of this exploratory pilot study was to evaluate the effect of ec...