Background.  A long-acting injectable formulation of rilpivirine (RPV), under investigation as antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), may facilitate PrEP adherence. In contrast, cross-resistance between RPV and nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors comprising first-line antiretroviral therapy (ART) could promote human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance and reduce PrE...

background: identification of disease risk factors can help in the prevention of diseases. in assessing the predictive value of continuous variables, a routine procedure is to categorize the factors. this yield to inability to detect non‑linear relationship, if exist. multivariate fractional polynomial (mfp) modeling is a flexible method to reveal non‑linear associations. we aim to demonstrate ...

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection of humans represents a complex biological system and a great challenge to public health. Novel approaches for the analysis and prediction of the infection dynamics based on a multi-scale integration of virus ontogeny and immune reactions are needed to deal with the systems’ complexity. The aim of our study is: (1) to formulate a multi-scale mathemati...

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is the most prevalent sexually transmitted pathogen worldwide. There is considerable biological and epidemiological evidence that HSV-2 infection increases the risk of acquiring HIV infection and may also increase the risk of transmitting HIV. Here, we use a mathematical model to predict the effect of a high-prevalence HSV-2 epidemic on HIV incidence. Our res...

Nowak's model of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been extensively and successfully used to simulate the interaction between HIV and cytotoxic lymphocyte- (CTL-) mediated immune response. However, this model is not available for hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. As the enhanced recruitment of virus-specific CTLs into the liver has been an important novel concept in the path...

background: cell mediated immunity, especially cytotoxic t cell responses against hiv-1 infection, plays a critical role in controlling viral replication and disease progres-sion. dna vaccine is a novel technology which is known to stimulate strong cellular immune responses. many dna vaccines have been tested for hiv infection but there is still no effective vaccine against this infection. cons...

in this paper, the multistage variational iteration method is implemented to solve a general form of the system of first-order differential equations. the convergence of the proposed method is given. to illustrate the proposed method, it is applied to a model for hiv infection of cd4+ t cells and the numerical results are compared with those of a recently proposed method.

BACKGROUND Recent studies have found high prevalences of asymptomatic rectal chlamydia among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). Chlamydia could increase the infectivity of HIV and the susceptibility to HIV infection. We investigate the role of chlamydia in the spread of HIV among MSM and the possible impact of routine chlamydia screening among HIV-infected MSM at HIV treatment centre...

BACKGROUND The cause of the high HIV prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa is incompletely understood, with heterosexual penile-vaginal transmission proposed as the main mechanism. Heterosexual HIV transmission has been estimated to have a very low probability; but effects of cofactors that vary in space and time may substantially alter this pattern. METHODS To test the effect of individual variat...