Appropriate function of active management in common investment funds function depend on factors such as diversification, identification papers unrealistic pricing, market timing, and so on. Market timing are include changing the portfolio investment funds and market indices such as short-term bonds and make an asset depends on whether the market is expected in the whole of the assets to make be...

Using market prices for crude-oil futures options and the prices of their underlying futures contracts, we estimate the volatility skew in two ways. As a benchmark for our theoretical model, on each date we first estimate a crosssectional polynomial structure for each maturity to demonstrate the strength and weaknesses of a purely-mechanical model. We then apply to the empirical data a Merton-s...

In this paper, we discuss the paradigm shift in bank capital from the “gone concern” to the “going concern” mindset. We then propose a methodology for pricing a product of this shift called Contingent Capital Notes (“CoCos”). The Merton Model can determine a price for credit risk by using the firm’s equity value as a call option on those assets. Our pricing methodology for CoCos also uses the c...

The paper gives an overview of current conceptual framework for the credit risk assessment dedicated to banks. The framework utilises the Merton model to estimate the default probabilities of companies that are supposed to be the main borrowers causing a formation of a greater credit risk in banks. By doing this, banks are able to reaffirm the ability of their borrowers in meeting loan commitme...

In this paper, we work in the framework of the Merton problem [17] but we impose a drawdown constraint on the consumption process. This means that consumption can never fall below a fixed proportion of the running maximum of past consumption. In terms of economic motivation, this constraint represents a type of habit formation where the investor is reluctant to let his standard of living fall t...