Endochondral ossification begins from the condensation and differentiation of mesenchymal cells into cartilage. The cartilage then goes through a program of cell proliferation, hypertrophic differentiation, calcification, apoptosis, and eventually is replaced by bone. Unlike most cartilage, articular cartilage is arrested before terminal hypertrophic differentiation. In this study, we showed th...

[Purpose] The aim of this study was to determine the effect of application of a metatarsal bar on the pressure in the metatarsal bones of the foot using a foot analysis system (pressure on the forefoot, midfoot, and rearfoot). [Subjects and Methods] Forty female university students in their twenties were selected for this study, and an experiment was conducted with them as the subjects, before ...

This case report describes the surgical management of a severe congenital deformity in Shetland pony. A two-week-old foal was presented with right hind limb showing 90-degree torsion tarsal region towards medial side and metatarsophalangeal joint forced extension behind tarsus. As assessed through radiography, tibial malleoli trochlea talus were poorly developed, flexor tendons inserted topogra...

Additional cuneiform bones of the foot have been described in reference to the medial bipartite cuneiform or as small accessory ossicles. An additional middle cuneiform has not been previously documented. We present the case of a patient with an additional ossicle that has the appearance and location of an additional middle cuneiform. Recognizing such an anatomical anomaly is essential for ruli...

Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and manifested by formation of tubercles and caseous necrosis in tissues. Tuberculous spondylitis is the most typical form of disease in the musculoskeletal system. Tubercular dactylitis is the tuberculous infection of metacarpal, metatarsal and phalanges and is uncommon. Tuberculous granuloma results in spindle shaped e...

A 10-year-old Thoroughbred mare was presented for lameness of the left hindlimb as a result of an apical fracture of the lateral proximal sesamoid bone. The mare was ultimately euthanased after suffering catastrophic fractures of the 3rd and 4th metatarsal bones of the contra-lateral hindlimb during an uncoordinated attempt to rise during recovery from general anaesthesia after undergoing arthr...