Measurements of chloride concentration are important in a range of applications. We report here on our progress toward the fabrication and testing of small, inexpensive chloride sensors integrated with sensing electronics on a CMOS chip. We describe and demonstrate a process for formation of gold and silver chloride/ silver electrodes on a CMOS chip. Cyclic voltammetry is performed on chip-scal...

The primary aim of this study was to analyse the correlation between topographical features and chemical composition with the changes in wettability and the surface free energy of microstructured titanium (Ti) surfaces. Periodic microscale structures on the surface of Ti substrates were fabricated via direct laser interference patterning (DLIP). Radio-frequency magnetron sputter deposition of u...

Macroscale connectivity of the mammalian brain has been shown to display several characteristics of an efficient communication network architecture. In parallel, at the microscopic scale, histological studies have extensively revealed large interregional variation in cortical neural architectonics. However, how these two "scales" of cerebrum organization are linked remains an open question. Col...

Two thermal challenges for current and next generation microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) applications are discussed. The first topic is the fundamental investigations of phase change phenomena in the microscale. It has been demonstrated that microresistive heaters can generate single, spherical and controllable thermal bubbles with diameters between 2 and 500 mm. Both simplified steady stat...

Articular cartilage is a heterogeneous soft tissue that dissipates and distributes loads in mammalian joints. Though robust, cartilage is susceptible to damage from loading at high rates or magnitudes. Such injurious loads have been implicated in degenerative changes, including chronic osteoarthritis (OA), which remains a leading cause of disability in developed nations. Despite decades of rese...

In this paper, we introduce the use of microscale schlieren technique to measure mixing inhomogeneity in a microfluidic device. The microscale schlieren system is constructed from a Hoffman modulation contrast microscope, which provides easy access to the rear focal plane of the objective lens, by removing the slit plate and replacing the modulator with a knife-edge. The working principle of mi...

A two-scale model based on a database approach is presented to investigate alloy solidification. Appropriate assumptions are introduced to describe the behavior of macroscopic temperature, macroscopic concentration, liquid volume fraction and microstructure features. These assumptions lead to a macroscale model with two unknown functions: liquid volume fraction and microstructure features. Thes...

Assembly of cell encapsulating building blocks (i.e., microscale hydrogels) has significant applications in areas including regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and cell-based in vitro assays for pharmaceutical research and drug discovery. Inspired by the repeating functional units observed in native tissues and biological systems (e.g., the lobule in liver, the nephron in kidney), assemb...

We focus on an estimate of the decay exponent (m) in the initial period of decay of homogeneous isotropic turbulence at low Taylor microscale Reynolds number R lambda (approximately equal to 20-50). Lattice Boltzmann simulations in a periodic box of 256(3) points are performed and compared with measurements in grid turbulence at similar R lambda. Good agreement is found between measured and cal...

Micropatterning techniques that control three-dimensional (3D) arrangement of biomolecules and cells at the microscale will allow development of clinically relevant tissues composed of multiple cell types in complex architecture. Although there have been significant developments to regulate spatial and temporal distribution of biomolecules in various materials, most micropatterning techniques a...