Social contact patterns among individuals encode the transmission route of infectious diseases and are a key ingredient in the realistic characterization and modeling of epidemics. Unfortunately, the gathering of high quality experimental data on contact patterns in human populations is a very difficult task even at the coarse level of mixing patterns among age groups. Here we propose an altern...

With a view to understanding the air-fuel mixing behavior and the effects of the mixture quality on the emissions formation and engine performance, a new quantitative factor of the in-cylinder air-fuel homogeneity named Homogeneity Factor (HF) has been developed. Its characteristics under various injection conditions and air swirl motions within the cylinder have been investigated with CFD simu...

Recent experimental and computational advances in the protein folding arena have shown that the readout of the one-dimensional sequence information into three-dimensional structure begins within the first few microseconds of folding. The initiation of refolding reactions has been achieved by several means, including temperature jumps, flash photolysis, pressure jumps, and rapid mixing methods. ...

We study three quantities that can each be viewed as the time needed for a finite irreducible Markov chain to “forget” where it started. One of these is the mixing time, the minimum mean length of a stopping rule that yields the stationary distribution from the worst starting state. A second is the forget time, the minimum mean length of any stopping rule that yields the same distribution from ...

In their natural environment, phytoplankton are exposed to fluctuations in incident irradiance due to vertical displacements in the water column induced by turbulent fluid motion. Physiological adaptation to these fluctuations results in variation in a number of measurable quantities (e.g. parameters of P-I curves, fluorescence yield, chemical composition), each of which have different time-sca...

The approach to phonological comparison adopted in UPSID as well as other studies fails to recognize the abstract nature of even the most phonetically based definition of a phonemic system. Phonemes receive a simple phonetic translation based on one allophone. Phonological comparison is therefore carried out using no more than arbitrary selections of the phonetics of the languages involved. Pho...

Recommender systems help users sort through vast quantities of information. Sometimes, however, users do not know if they can trust the recommendations they receive. Adding a confidence metric has the potential to improve user satisfaction and alter user behavior in a recommender system. We performed an experiment to measure the effects of a confidence display as a component of an existing coll...

Focusing on Large Eddy Simulation (LES) in the scalar field, this work has threefoldachievement:The development, validation and application of a new anisotropy subgrid scale (SGS)model that is designed to better describe the behavior of SGS scalar flux transportIn the frame of LES, a new developed anisotropy model is proposed and implemented.Unlike the isotropic SGS scalar f...