Our knowledge on the biological effects of RF radiation has been increasing for many decades. It has become a focus of attention because of the accelerated use of RF radiation for wireless communication over the past few years. It is fairly well established that at sufficiently high power levels, RF and microwave energy can produce deleterious biological effects. Wireless communication systems ...

This paper proposes the development and design of double layer metamaterials based on electromagnetic band gap (EBG) rods as a superstrate of a resonator antenna to enhance required antenna characteristics for the mobile base station. The metallic rod type metamaterial can partially reflect wave of a primary radiator. The antenna was designed and analyzed by a simulation result from CST Microwa...

A physical basis of adverse and therapeutic effects of low intensity microwave radiation is presented based on the concept of oscillatory similitude between the frequency of an external microwave field (together with any lower frequency modulations thereof) and those of certain endogenous dipolar coherent excitations allied to aliveness, which play the role of 'tuned circuits' via which a livin...

In this paper, a large number of studies of the effect of the foliage on single or lines of trees on modern wireless communication systems are reviewed. The paper is focused on the experimental works mainly done for commercial applications such as cellular communication and high speed point-to-point fixed link at the microwave and millimeter wave frequencies. For this review study, the developm...

A health survey is carried out in a town of Murcia (Spain), in the vicinity of a Cellular Phone Base Station working in DCS-1800 MHz. This survey contains health items related with the “microwave sickness” or “RF syndrome”. The microwave power density was measured at home of the respondents, and a statistical analysis shows significant correlation between the declared severity of the symptoms a...

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) is the most versatile of the chromatographic techniques because it is applicable to a wide variety of analytes. Unfortunately, liquid mobile phases have relatively low diffusivities. A novel approach is presented for increasing the diffusivity of a liquid mobile phase. The method advocated in this study is the first process that has been described b...

A significant decrease in protein kinase C and total sperm count along with increased apoptosis were observed in male Wistar rats exposed to mobile phone frequencies (2 h/day x 35 days at 0.9 W/kg specific absorption rate). The results suggest that a reduction in protein kinase activity may be related to overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under microwave field exposure. Decrease in...

Recently, the IEEE 802.16 standard (IEEE Std 802.16-2004, 2004), a solution to broadband wireless access commonly known as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), has been considered as a promising standard for next generation broadband wireless access networks. IEEE 802.16e (IEEE Std 802.16e-2005, 2005), also called Mobile WiMAX (Li et al., 2007), provides enhancements to IEEE...

Next generation 4G technologies such as LTE and WiMAX promise to deliver an entirely new range of mobile broadband services. The dramatic growth in data rates, driven by open standard smartphones running data hungry applications, will drive a significant increase in mobile backhaul requirements. Microwave radios have long been the global technology of choice for backhaul infrastructure. Millime...

Demand for network capacity continues to escalate as mobile subscribers get accustomed to using more data-rich and video-oriented services from their increasingly sophisticated devices. Deployments of 4th generation LTE/LTE-A mobile networks are poised to boost that demand even further as they promise to deliver subscribers a wireline experience in their wireless networks. In light of the signi...