the aim of this research was to evaluate and select of appropriate indicators for different zones of baghe shadi region where it have six different zones (restricted zone, protected zone, restored zone, inhibition zone, recreational zone and other uses zone). to do so, first top-down approach and likert scale questionnaire was used for voting from 32 experts. after that using influence matrix, ...

I consider the growth of inhomogeneities in a low-density baryonic, vacuum energy-dominated universe in the context of modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND). I first write down a two-field Langrangian-based theory of MOND (non-relativistic), which embodies several assumptions such as constancy of the MOND acceleration parameter, association of a MOND force with peculiar accelerations only, and the...

We present MOND analysis for several of the lowest mass disc galaxies currently amenable to such analysis–with (baryonic) masses below 4 · 108M⊙. The agreement is good, extending the validity of MOND and its predicted mass velocity relation, to such low masses. Subject headings: dark matter galaxies: kinematics and dynamics

Strong gravitational lensing by galaxies in MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) has until now been restricted to spherically symmetric models. These models were able to account for the size of the Einstein ring of observed lenses, but were unable to account for doubleimaged systems with collinear images, as well as four-image lenses. Non-spherical models are generally cumbersome to compute numer...

Strong gravitational lensing by galaxies in modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND) has until now been restricted to spherically symmetric models. These models were able to account for the size of the Einstein ring of observed lenses, but were unable to account for doubleimaged systems with collinear images, as well as four-image lenses. Non-spherical models are generally cumbersome to compute numer...

We revisit the application of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) to galaxy clusters. We confront the high quality X-ray data for eight clusters of galaxies observed by the XMM-Newton satellite with the predictions of MOND. We obtain ratios of the Newtonian dynamical mass to the MOND mass of Md/Mm = 1.09 ± 0.08 at r ∼ 0.1 Rvir increasing to Md/Mm = 1.57± 0.24 in the outer parts (i.e r ∼ 0.5 Rvir...

We numerically investigate the features of typical orbits occurring in the Oort cloud (r ≈ 50 − 150 kAU) in the low-acceleration regime of the MOdified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) taking into account the External Field Effect (EFE). We use three different forms of the MOND interpolating function μ(x) and two different values for the Galactic field at the Sun’s location. We find that MOND produces...

MOND predicts that a mass, M , contained within its transition radius rt ≡ (MG/a0) , may exhibit a feature at about that radius in the form of a shell, or projected ring, in the deduced distribution of its phantom dark matter. This occurs despite the absence of any underlying feature in the true (“baryon”) source distribution itself. The phenomenon is similar to the appearance of an event horiz...

efficiency of the existing protected areas network in conservation of biodiversity is one of the most important challenges of protected areas custodians. despite there are numerous articles on evaluating the efficiency of the protected areas for conserving the habitat and species on national and international scales, in iran this subject has not been studied yet. the aim of the present study is...

Large values for the mass-to-light ratio (Υ) in self-gravitating systems is one of the most important evidences of dark matter. We propose a expression for the mass-to-light ratio in spherical systems using MOND. Results for the COMA cluster reveal that a modification of the gravity, as proposed by MOND, can reduce significantly this value.