This chapter reviews the literature concerning the key aspects of CL. It opens with a review of relevant learning theories and the conceptual framework on which this study is based so that the foundations of CL can be understood. More importantly, this chapter differentiates some of the confusing concepts such as collaboration, cooperation, and group work and discusses how they have been resear...

Soil erosion in developing countries is a widespread problem causing considerable economic damage. It still remains an intractable problem in many countries. Available research findings on costs of soil erosion indicate them to be high. Soil erosion continues to be a problem due to the difficulties of estimating the economic damages and attendant difficulties in developing effective control pol...

A fuzzy morphological approach is here presented to retrieve structural properties of images considered as fuzzy sets. The basic concepts of the possibility theory and of the mathematical morphology are brieey illustrated, together with their suggested integration. Some applications to astronomical images are also shown.

This paper generalizes the notion of symmetrical neighbourhoods, which have been used to define connectivity in the case of sets, to the wider framework of complete lattices having a sup-generating family. Two versions (weak and strong) of the notion of a symmetrical dilation are introduced, and they are applied to the generation of “connected components” from the so-called “geodesic dilations”...

This paper considers various aspects of generalizing mathematical morphology towards a fuzzy discipline. Since mathematical morphology and fuzzy theory are both based on a set theory, there are many approaches for defining dilation and erosion operations of a fuzzy morphology. Among those approaches are: the alpha-Morphology; the triangular norm based approach of Bloch; the logical approach of ...

Purpose: To predict and theoretically investigate the morphology of erythromycin dihydrate crystals. Methods: The crystal morphology of erythromycin dihydrate was predicted using the Bravais-FriedelDonnay-Harker (BFDH) and attachment energy (AE) models of molecular simulation software, Cerius, in vacuo. Results: The morphology predicted by the two models is approximately consistent. The morphol...

the study of “context” has obtained a significant place in contemporary linguistic studies and many linguistic scholars, both in early and modern times, spent much effort on this domain until it became a fully-fledged theory by the english scholar firth. in the past, scholars paid attention to the “context” and its effect on the meaning studied the conditions surrounding the speech cont...