OBJECTIVE Noise has always been an important environmental public health issue for mankind. Although reports exist on hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory (LM) impairment due to noise, there are only a few studies that have examined the effects of recovery from noise stress on LM impairments. Therefore, the present study investigated the effects of recovery from chronic noise expos...

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that exercise enhances cognitive and functional capacities in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we investigated the effect of long-term (60 days) and shortterm (10 days) exercise on the spatial memory deficits in an animal model of AD. Methods: Fifty male rats were divided into 5 groups; 1) intact, 2) sham, 3) sham-Alzheimer 4) Alzh...

introduction: the role of ovarian hormones and nitric oxide (no) on oxidative damage in brain tissues as well as learning and memory has been widely investigated.the present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of the precursor of no, l-arginine on learning and brain damage due to oxidative stress in ovariectomized (ovx) rats.methods: thirty -two rats were divided into four groups: 1) s...

androgens have been shown to affect cognitive aspects of spatial memory. testosterone which is the most important androgen, plays a role in the organization of behavior during development. also, it has been shown that androgens cause sex related differences in learning and memory especially during neonatal period. in the current study, we assessed the effects of castration and testosterone enan...

Background: Toxoplasma gondii is a neurotropic parasite with lifelong persistence in the host brain. Many researchers suggested toxoplasmosis as risk factor for development of Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, link between them has not been fully elucidated. Objectives: The present study was designed to investigate effects chronic infection Types I (RH), II (PRU), and III (VEG) strains alone c...

Learning can be severely impaired as a consequence of exposure to environmental pollutants. Vanadium (V), a metalloid which is widely distributed in the environment, has been shown to exert toxic effects on a variety of biological systems including the nervous system. However, studies exploring the impact of vanadium on learning are limited. Herein, we investigated the effects of oral administr...

Progressive memory loss is a symptom of many dangerous neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and forgetfulness. The goal this study was to see how well bioactive molecules worked in animal models amnesia caused by scopolamine. Ginger has lot Zingerone (Zn), which makes up about 9.25% the total amount. Gramine (Ga) nonterpenoid indole alkaloid that found plants like barley wheat. It...

Abstract Alzheimer disease (AD) is a chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss cognition impairment. A link has been established between AD epilepsy sharing multiple mechanisms pathogenesis. Similar Hippocampal changes have found both diseases. Choosing antiepileptic drug in patient represent great challenge especially with increase seizure risk patients. L...

Introduction: Previous studies have shown that vitamin A and its derivatives such as retinoid and all-trans retinoic acid have a crucial role in memory, learning and synaptic plasticity. The receptors of vitamin A are seen in different parts of the brain such as hippocampus, where vitamin A has an important role in learning. In this study, the effect of intrahippocampal (CA1) injection of al...

Background and Objective: A great body of evidences suggested a marked elevation of endogenous opioid levels in plasma of animals with acute cholestasis. Endogenous opioids are implicated in the pathophysiology of cholestasis. Also, many studies have shown that endogenous opioids modulate memory processes. To clarify possible role of endogenous opioid receptors in information processing in acut...