The subcubic (O(n) for ω < 3) algorithms to multiply Boolean matrices do not provide the witnesses; namely, they compute C = AB but if Cij = 1 they do not find an index k (a witness) such that Aik = Bkj = 1. We design a deterministic algorithm for computing the matrix of witnesses that runs in Õ(n) time, where here Õ(n) denotes O(n(log n)). The subcubic methods to compute the shortest distances...

Judges in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada have ruled that witnesses may not wear the niqab-a type of face veil-when testifying, in part because they believed that it was necessary to see a person's face to detect deception (Muhammad v. Enterprise Rent-A-Car, 2006; R. v. N. S., 2010; The Queen v. D(R), 2013). In two studies, we used conventional research methods and safeguards ...

Eyewitnesses sometimes view more than one lineup during an investigation. We investigated the effects of postidentification feedback following one lineup on responses to a second lineup. Witnesses (N=621) viewed a mock crime and, later, attempted to identify the culprit from an initial (target-absent) lineup and a second (target-present or target-absent) lineup. Prior to viewing the second line...

While this paper was being prepared the Lancet published an interesting and Provocative commentary on The Expert in Court (September 15th, 1951) review*ng the procedure in this country and in France, and suggesting that the future lies in the employment of experts as assessors rather than as witnesses. It makes, * think, a fundamental error in failing to appreciate the difference in the legal P...

An observableW that distinguishes all the unentangled states from some entangled states is called a witness. We consider witnesses on n qbits, and use the following normalization: A witness W satisfies |tr(Wρ)| ≤ 1 for all separable states ρ, while kWk > 1, with the norm being the maximum among the absolute values of the eigenvalues of W . Although there are n-qbit witnesses whose norm is expon...