Emerging policies worldwide require biodiversity gains as compensation for losses associated with economic development, seeking to achieve „no net loss‟ (NNL). Multipliers – factors by which gains are larger than associated losses – can be crucial for true NNL. Here, we review the theoretical literature on multipliers. Then, we collate data on multipliers implemented in practice, representing t...

This article describes the design of approximate array multipliers by making vertical or horizontal cuts in an accurate multiplier followed different input and output assignments within multiplier. We consider a digital image denoising application show how combinations affect quality denoised images. several for synthesis. The were described Verilog hardware description language synthesized Syn...

In this paper we prove an abstract homomorphism theorem for bilinear multipliers in the setting of locally compact Abelian (LCA) groups. We also provide some applications. In particular, we obtain a bilinear abstract version of K. de Leeuw’s theorem for bilinear multipliers of strong and weak type. We also obtain necessary conditions on bilinear multipliers on non-compact LCA groups, yielding b...