Municipal health services (MHS) include most environmental health services and according to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, are part of a basket of services that have to be provided by local authorities. With the promulgation of the New Health Act 61 of 2003 in 2005 providing a final definition of municipal health services and the allocation of funding in 2006 by Treasury for ...

This study evaluated the responses of biochemical biomarkers in Astacus leptodactylus exposed to treated municipal effluents discharged into Keban Dam Lake, Elazığ Elazig, Turkey. A. leptodatyclus were exposed to treated municipal effluents and Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lipid peroxidation (TBARS), glutathione (GSH) levels were measured as oxidativ...

This study evaluated the responses of biochemical biomarkers in Astacus leptodactylus exposed to treated municipal effluents discharged into Keban Dam Lake, Elazığ Elazig, Turkey. A. leptodatyclus were exposed to treated municipal effluents and Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and lipid peroxidation (TBARS), glutathione (GSH) levels were measured as oxidativ...

As the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) becomes more prevalent around the globe, the Internet has changed the way government and citizens interact with each other. The development of E-Government has been increasingly considered as a reflection of a country’s informatization, modernization and democratization. In China, as the Internet users increased rapidly (CNNIC, 2005), the E-...

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study is to explore the obstacles to collaborations between nurses in hospital and municipal care in the discharge of hospital patients who need continuing care. METHODS First, we conducted in-depth interviews of nurses in hospitals and nurses in municipal care. Second, we developed questionnaires and distributed them to a representative sample of Norwegian munici...

This paper compares life-cycle greenhouse gas GHG emissions from two municipal solid waste MSW management options, municipal waste combustion, and landfilling, using a U.S. EPA life-cycle assessment LCA model, the MSW Decision Support Tool. Unlike previously reported LCAs, key combustion model inputs—total MSW carbon content and its biogenic/fossil split—are determined not from MSW composition ...

Waste collectors have a theoretical risk of Hepatitis A virus infection. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and risk factors of hepatitis A virus infection (HAV) among municipal solid waste workers (MSWWs) in a municipality of central Greece. A seroprevalence study of HAV was conducted among 208 employees (100 waste collectors and 108 municipal gardeners) of a municipality in ce...

We examine the determinants of the realized bid-ask spread in the U.S. corporate, municipal and government bond markets for the years 1995 to 1997, based on newly available transactions data. Overall, we find that liquidity is an important determinant of the realized bid-ask spread all three markets. Specifically, in all markets, the realized bid-ask spread decreases in the trading volume. Addi...

Access to a sufficient amount of safe water is taken for granted in industrialised nations. Yet, as multiple incidents of contaminated water supplies show, citizens of highly industrialised nations such as Canada may not have access to safe water—the deadly E. coli outbreak in Waterton, Ontario, being but the most visible among many. Municipal engineers may find themselves between enemy lines a...

The Environment Agency is required to monitor the diversion of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) from landfill. Reliable methods are needed to measure the biodegradability of municipal waste, both as mixed municipal waste and as individually separated fractions. An evaluation of several methods was carried out using a variety of organic materials typically found in municipal solid waste. The ...