BACKGROUND Urban slums in developing countries that are not recognized by the government often lack legal access to municipal water supplies. This results in the creation of insecure "informal" water distribution systems (i.e., community-run or private systems outside of the government's purview) that may increase water-borne disease risk. We evaluate an informal water distribution system in a ...

BACKGROUND The aims of the present study were to determine the prevalence of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women at first trimester of their pregnancy and to follow up the seroconversion for next two trimesters, and to identify the risk factors and possible contamination routes in Aydin province, Turkey. METHOD The sample size was calculated as 423 on a prevalence of 50%, d=0.05 at a confidence l...

Surface water is used for a variety of purposes like drinking, washing, bathing, recreation as well as numerous other varied industrial applications. The wholesomeness of these surface waters has become an issue of great concern. Water pollution is a burning issue all over the world. In recent years an increasing awareness has developed on the impact of human activities on the environment becau...

A significantdbut underutilizeddwater resource is reclaimed water, i.e., treated wastewater that is reintroduced for various purposes. Especially in water scarce regions, reclaimed water is often the only remaining source of water to meet increasing population and water demands. In this paper, we develop a newmodel formulation for the cost-effective branched reclaimed water network design and s...

BACKGROUND Access to adequate quantities of water has a protective effect on human health and well-being. Despite this, public health research and interventions are frequently focused solely on water quality, and international standards for domestic water supply minimums are often overlooked or unspecified. This trend is evident in Inuit and other Arctic communities even though numerous transmi...

Current study was carried out with aim to evaluate the effect of pressurized irrigation methods and furrow irrigation method with municipal effluent on distribution of salinity and moisture in the soil profile. The experimental study was designed by split plot layout with three irrigation methods including furrow, surface drip (SD) irrigation and subsurface drip irrigation (SSD) and two water q...

OBJECTIVE To measure the association between the disinfection of municipal drinking water with monochloramine and the occurrence of hospital-acquired legionnaires' disease (LD). SETTING One hundred sixty-six U.S. hospitals. DESIGN Survey of 459 members of the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) for hospital features; endemic- and outbreak-related, hospital-acquired LD; the...

The greater Wellington region, New Zealand, is highly vulnerable to large earthquakes because it is cut by active faults. Bulk water supply pipelines cross the Wellington Fault at several different locations, and there is considerable concern about severe disruption of the provision of reticulated water supplies to households and businesses in the aftermath of a large earthquake. A number of po...

A small outbreak of Legionnaires9 disease in a cargo ship under repair. J.A. Caylà, R. Maldonado, J. González, T. Pellicer, D. Ferrer, C. Pelaz, J. Gracia, B. Baladrón, A. Plaséncia, Legionellosis study group. #ERS Journals Ltd 2001. ABSTRACT: It was reported that two mechanics working on a cargo ship under repair in the port of Barcelona had died after having fever. An investigation was made i...