Over the last two decades, philosophers, statisticians, and computer scientists have converged on the fundamental outline of a theory of causal representation and causal inference (Spirtes, Glymour, and Scheines, 2000; Pearl, 2000). Some conditions and assumptions under which reliable inference about the effects of manipulations is possible have been precisely characterized; other conditions an...

Computer models of the musculoskeletal system are broadly used to study the mechanisms of musculoskeletal disorders and to simulate surgical treatments. Musculoskeletal models have historically been created based on data derived in anatomical and biomechanical studies of cadaveric specimens. MRI offers an abundance of novel methods for acquisition of data from living subjects and is revolutioni...

We introduce the parallel grid manipulations needed in the Earth Science applications currently being implemented at the Data Assimilation OOce (DAO) of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). Due to real-time constraints the DAO software must run eeciently on parallel computers. Numerous grids, structured and unstructured are employed in the software. The DAO has implemented ...

Musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) can serve as an excellent imaging modality for the musculoskeletal clinician. Although MRI is more commonly ordered in the United States for musculoskeletal problems, both of these imaging modalities have advantages and disadvantages and can be viewed as complementary rather than adversarial. For diagnostic US, relative recent advances in technology have improved...

background: today, the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders is one of the health issues of concern in any society. one of the main causes of musculoskeletal disorders and conditions can be named unpleasant working conditions. the aim of this study was to report the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders including working postures and lifting-related musculoskeletal disorders among workers o...

background sarcoidosis is a multisystem disease affecting different organs with different frequency rates depending on geographical location. musculoskeletal abnormalities includes osseous lesions (small and large bone sarcoidosis), sarcoidal arthropathy, and sarcoidal myopathy. musculoskeletal involvement is reported in a significant number of patients. objectives this study aimed to determine...

background: the impact of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (wrmsds) on functional performance of nigerian welders is unknown. this study investigated the prevalence, pattern and impact of wrmsds on functional efficiency among welders in alimosho local government, lagos state, nigeria.   materials and methods: this cross sectional survey involved 177 welders in a rural-urban area in nigeri...

OBJECTIVE Worldwide, the use of sonography for the evaluation of the musculoskeletal system has been growing. However, radiologists in North America have been relatively slow to incorporate musculoskeletal sonography into their practices. The purpose of this article is to show the advantages of musculoskeletal sonography. CONCLUSION Musculoskeletal sonography is an important complementary too...

Background Musculoskeletal problems are common in children. The majority are self-limiting and related to trauma; however the symptoms can be feature of serious medical conditions. It has been previously shown that musculoskeletal examination is poorly documented. Musculoskeletal examination is a station on the RCPCH clinical exam. Teaching resources on how to perform musculoskeletal examinatio...