AIM In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of repetitious concussions on the spatial learning and memory function in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS 46 adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to three homogenous groups by stratified random sampling according to their basal performance during the first four days of the Morris water maze (MWM), as Control (n=10), Sham (n=10) and Con...

New neurons are continuously generated in the adult hippocampus but their function remains a mystery. The nestin thymidine kinase (nestin-TK) transgenic method has been used for selective and conditional reduction of neurogenesis for the purpose of testing the functional significance of new neurons in learning, memory and motor performance. Here we explored the nestin-TK model on a hybrid genet...

it has been proposed that appearance of amyloid beta (aβ) in hippocampus is one of the characteristic features of alzheimer’s disease (ad). the role of nitric oxide (no) in neurodegenerative disorders is controversy in different contexts. here, we examined the effect of no on spatial memory. for this purpose, we compared the effects of three different concentrations of l-ng-nitroarginine methyl...

GluA1, GluA2, GluA3, and GluA4 are the constitutive subunits of amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptors (AMPARs), the major mediators of fast excitatory transmission in the mammalian central nervous system. Most AMPARs are Ca(2+)-impermeable because of the presence of the GluA2 subunit. GluA2 mRNA undergoes an editing process that results in a Q-R substitution, a key factor...

BACKGROUND AND THE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY It has been well established that cholinergic pathway plays an important role in learning and memory processes. The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of Morris water maze (MWM) training on spatial memory acquisition and expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in male rats. METHODS In this study, training trials of ...

Optical measurements from three selected wavelengths have been combined with modeling of emissions an auroral event to estimate the magnitude and direction small-scale electric fields on either side arc. The temporal resolution estimates is 0.1 s, which much higher than Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) in same region, we compare our estimates. Additionally, used Scanning Doppler Ima...

Lateral fluid percussion injury (LFP), a model of mild-moderate concussion, leads to the temporary loss of the capacity for experience-dependent plasticity in developing rats. To determine if this injury-induced loss in capacity for plasticity is due to cell death, we conducted stereological measurements within the cerebral cortex and CA3 of the hippocampus 2 weeks following mild, moderate or s...

BACKGROUND P38 mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) α modulates microglia-mediated inflammatory responses and a number of neuronal physiological processes. OBJECTIVE To evaluate pre-clinically the pharmacological effects in the brain of p38 MAPKα inhibition with a brain-penetrant specific chemical antagonist. METHODS VX-745, a blood-brain barrier penetrant, highly selective p38 MAPKα inh...

Inhibition of phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE) improved recognition memory and counteracted spatial learning impairment induced by nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibition in recent studies. Aim of this study was to investigate effects of rolipram, a PDE4 inhibitor and zaprinast, a PDE5 inhibitor, on learning and memory in Morris water maze (MWM) and radial arm maze (RAM) tests in naive mice. Male Balb-...