Recent years have seen a rise in state-sponsored malware. Advanced Persistent Threat groups (APTs) been waging covert war with little repercussions due to the clandestine nature of cyberconflict. For sanctions be imposed, malware attribution is an important stage attack analysis because exploitation known vulnerabilities via execution one methods APT attackers use establish foothold target’s ne...

Nationalist sentiments characterize the Scotish James Macpherson’s Ossianic tales and the Persian Abul-Ghasim Ferdausi’s Shahnameh. Macpherson is remembered for his role in the nationalist Gaelic revival against the cultural dominance of Great Britain and Ferdausi is credited for enlivening Persian language and culture at the time of Arab dominance. However, Macpherson’s dual position, both as ...

The article examines the Soviet Union’s policy in Afghanistan during period of its military presence there (1979–1989) as a set measures corresponding to modern interpretation concepts nation-building and state-building. It also analyzes theories nation- state-building highlights their main trends, forms, problems. author proposes unique approach that combines these two “nation-state-building” ...