the natural gas consumption in iran has been continuously increasing due to several reasons including low prices of natural gas, development of gas supply networks, people’s salary increase, incorrect consumption culture and the increase of national economy growth.  although, the global natural gas consumption has increased by 38% since 2001, the national consumption in iran has increased by 11...

the hcci combustion process is initiated due to auto-ignition of fuel/air mixture which is dominated by chemical kinetics and therefore fuel composition has a significant effect on engine operation and a detailed reaction mechanism is essential to analysis hcci combustion. a single zone-model permits to have a detailed chemical kinetics modeling for practical fuels. in this study a single-zone ...

ALTHOUGH only a relatively limited amount of oxygen is dissolved in water under natural conditions, aquatic creatures enjoy great success in extracting sufficient amounts to meet the metabolic demands of life. Mammals (even aquatic mammals) avoid this limitation by using atmospheric oxygen through specialized gas exchange mechanisms in the lung. However, the niammalian lung can also extract suf...

A literature survey was performed to evaluate the state-of-the-art membrane systems for CO2/CH4 separation which is critical in the natural gas industry. The systems that were reviewed included zeolite, carbon, polymeric, mixed matrix, amorphous silica, and supported ionic liquid membranes. Supported ionic liquid CO2/CH4 selective membranes were synthesized in our laboratory by applying room te...

The actions of nutrients on gut transit of liquids and solids have been extensively studied, but the effects of meal ingestion on intestinal gas flow are unexplored. We hypothesized that meals of varying caloric content and consistency modulate gas transit to different degrees. Nine healthy volunteers underwent jejunal perfusion of physiological gas mixtures at 12 ml.min(-1).3 h, with ingestion...

The exploitation of natural gas deposits also requires the transport extracted fluids through pipelines to their treatment facilities. Usually contain, in addition methane, ethane, liquid fractions propane, butane, hexane and sometimes salt water associated with deposit. Given that delivery for consumption must be carried out without oil liquids, flow rates extraction wells are taken two-phase ...

A supercritical fluid (SF) can be defined as a dense non condensable fluid. A fluid reaches the supercritical status when its temperature and pressure exceed the relevant critical temperature and pressure. At the critical point only a single phase exists which has some properties typical of liquids (density) and some of gases (viscosity, compressibility, and mass diffusion coefficient). For pha...

Ionic liquids (ILs) are organic salts that have melting points around room temperature. They have received tremendous attention recently due to their low volatility and subsequent potential to reduce air pollution if used as replacements for volatile organic solvents. As a result, they have the potential to be used in a wide variety of chemical processing applications, including as solvents for...

At present, gas chromatography–quadrupole mass spectrometry (GC-qMS) is considered the gold standard amongst analytical techniques for fire debris analysis in forensic laboratories worldwide, specifically for the detection and classification of ignitable liquids. Due to the highly complex and unpredictable nature of fire debris, traditional one-dimensional GC-qMS often produces chromatograms th...

The hydrogen bond interactions between methyl-imidazolium cation (MIM+) and fatty acid anions (CmHnCOO–, where m = 1–6; n-3–13) of ionic liquids are studied in both gas phase water using density functional theory. structural properties show that the presence N–H···O C–H···O bonds [MIM]+ [CmHnCOO]– (m liquids. From vibrational frequency analysis, it was found interaction red-shifted frequency. n...