As complex dynamic systems, urban landscapes emerge from the local interactions of socioeconomic and biophysical agents and processes. These complex systems are highly heterogeneous, spatially nested, and hierarchically structured (Wu and David 2002). They are prototypical complex adaptive systems, which are open, nonlinear, and highly unpredictable (Levin 1998, Portugali 2000, Gunderson and Ho...

The cross-edge spillover of subsidized predators from anthropogenic to natural habitats is an important process affecting wildlife, especially bird, populations in fragmented landscapes. However, the importance of the spillover of insect natural enemies from agricultural to natural habitats is unknown, despite the abundance of studies examining movement in the opposite direction. Here, we synth...

• We review models of natural pest control assessing usability across agroecosystems. Ecological complexity and context sensitivity impede correlation-based predictions. A trade-off generality with realism hinders mechanistic modeling systems. Similarities in causal relationships can inform contextually bound generalizations. This framework will allow knowledge synthesis transfer less studied r...