This article explores the use of model organisms in studying cognitive phenomenon decision-making. Drawing on framework biological control to develop a skeletal conception decision-making, we show that two core features decision-making mechanisms can be identified by organisms, such as E. coli, jellyfish, C. elegans, lamprey, and so on. First, decision are distributed heterarchically structured...

Neuromodulatory substances have profound effects on the two motor patterns generated by the adult crustacean stomatogastric ganglion (STG), the gastric mill rhythm and the pyloric rhythm. Developmentally regulated changes in the modulatory functions of neuromodulators could therefore play an important role in the maturation of the output from the developing STG. We compared the effects of neuro...