I. Ground‐level Ozone Formation a. Precursor (Ozone‐Forming) Emissions Ground‐level ozone (O3) is produced by a complex set of atmospheric chemical reactions that depend on precursor (ozone‐forming) emissions from numerous sources, both natural and of human origin. Ground‐level ozone formation is also dependent on weather and climatic factors. Temperature is an important factor in both weathe...

This study aims to estimate the amount of air pollutants emitted from heavy industrial facilities in North Korea. The industry sector Korea was classified according South Korean definition, and pollutant emissions that it generated were estimated for 2017. Emissions carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur (SOx) by 22, 73, 31%, respectively, those Korea’ emissions. Moreover, CO, NOx,...

It has been shown previously that applying forced induction to Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) of bioethanol with residual gas trapping, results in a greatly extended load range compared to normal aspiration. However at very high boost pressures, very high cylinder pressure rise rates develop. The approach documented here explores two ways that might have an effect on combustion ...

This paper summarizes the Next Generation Natural Gas Vehicle (NG-NGV) Program that is led by the U.S. Department Of Energy’s (DOE’s) Office of Heavy Vehicle Technologies (OHVT) through the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). The goal of this program is to develop and implement one Class 3-6 compressed natural gas (CNG) prototype vehicle and one Class 7-8 liquefied natural gas (LNG) pr...

This chapter considers the emissions of ammonia (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O), other oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) from agricultural soils to which nitrogen (N)-containing fertilizers are applied. For NH3, emissions following application of animal manures to land are considered in SNAP code 100900, Manure Manageme...

Inverse modeling using satellite observations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns has been extensively used to estimate nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions in China. Recently, the Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment-2 (GOME-2) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) provide independent global NO2 column measurements on a nearly daily basis at around 9:30 and 13:30 local time across the equator, respecti...

Nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM) currently are the main pollutants emitted by diesel engines. While there is a start in using hybrid electric cars, ships will still be fueled mineral oil products. In quest to achieve zero-pollution carbon-free shipping, alternative forms of energy carriers must found replace commonly used One possible fuels biodiesel. This paper explores optimi...

The catalytic decomposition of ozone was carried out at 40 °C with a Pd/Al2O3 catalyst, in the presence or absence nitrogen oxides traces. NOx were produced during generation from air. Two set-ups used to examine possible effects poisoning, one fixed bed powder and another using monolith coated same catalyst. shown significantly poison resulting decrease conversion over time on stream. NOx-free...

China is mobilizing the largest anthropogenic reactive nitrogen (Nr) in the world due to agricultural, industrial and urban development. However, the climate effects related to Nr in China remain largely unclear. Here we comprehensively estimate that the net climate effects of Nr are -100 ± 414 and 322 ± 163 Tg CO₂e on a GTP₂₀ and a GTP₁₀₀ basis, respectively. Agriculture contributes to warming...

On-road measurements in 2005 of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide from 1641 individually identified heavy-duty diesel trucks at two locations in Colorado are reported. Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide show increasing emissions with increased altitude. Oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions have decreased with more recent model years over the last...