Despite consensus in focus on form (FOF) instruction over the facilitative role of noticing, controversy has not quelled over ways of directing EFL learners’ attention towards formal features via implicit techniques like input-enhancement or explicit metacognitive feedback and interactive peer-editing on the output they produce. This quasi-experimental study investigated the impact of input enh...

It is well-known that every monoidal category is equivalent to a strict one. We show that for categories of sets with additional structure (which we define quite formally below) it is not even necessary to change the category: The same category has a different (but isomorphic) tensor product, with which it is a strict monoidal category. The result applies to ordinary (bi)modules, where it shows...

We present new comparison theorems for the spectral radii of matrices arising from splittings of different matrices under nonnegativity assumptions. Our focus is on establishing strict inequalities of the spectral radii without imposing strict inequalities of the matrices, but we also obtain new results for nonstrict inequalities of the spectral radii. We emphasize two different approaches, one...

This paper presents a global approach to representation analysis based on program-wide data and control ow information. Boxing and unboxing coercions can be placed around any variable occurrence, not only where values are produced and consumed. The analysis rst constructs a graph representing all legal coercion placements , then selects one of them. Assigning unboxed representations to as many ...

We study the stability properties of a class of time-varying nonlinear systems. We assume that nonstrict input-to-state stable (ISS) Lyapunov functions for our systems are given. We posit a mild nondegeneracy condition on our given Lyapunov functions under which strict ISS Lyapunov functions for our systems are also known to exist. However, the known existence result is based on value function ...

Nonstrict higher order functional programming languages are notorious for their low run time eeciency. Optimizations based on ow analysis, which determines for each variable x in a program which expressions could have originated the value of x, can improve the situation by removing redundant eval and thunk operations, avoiding thunk updates, and allowing the use of unboxed representations of so...

Aims. Devices that allow using the functionality of natural hand movements are of the greatest interest. The purpose of this study is to select areas of research at the intersection of several fields of science – biomechanics and cybernetics to develop scientific and technical approaches to track the movements of the operator's fingers and form feedback tactile and force communication received ...

Many conservation law systems that arise in continuum mechanics fail to be strictly hyperbolic; this situation may even arise generically in some dimensions. By examining simple systems in a single space variable, where the mathematical theory of weak solutions has been developed, one may try to gain insight into how more realistic systems will behave. However, even in simple systems, there is ...