Noradrenergic, serotonergic, and histaminergic neurons are continuously active during waking, reduce discharge during NREM sleep, and cease discharge during REM sleep. Cataplexy, a symptom associated with narcolepsy, is a waking state in which muscle tone is lost, as it is in REM sleep, while environmental awareness continues, as in alert waking. In prior work, we reported that, during cataplex...

BACKGROUND We have shown previously that norepinephrine (NE) uptake activity is reduced in the failing right ventricle of animals with right heart failure (RHF) produced by tricuspid avulsion and progressive pulmonary constriction. However, it is unknown whether this defect in neuronal NE uptake is related to reduction of noradrenergic nerve terminals or whether these changes also occur in anim...

The GANE (glutamate amplifies noradrenergic effects) model proposed by Mather et al. attempts to explain how norepinephrine enhances processing in highly activated brain regions. Careful perusal of the sparse data available from recording studies in animals reveals that noradrenergic neurons are excited mainly by any change in the environment - a salient, novel, or unexpected sensory stimulus o...

The effect of the destruction of locus coeruleus noradrenergic (LC NA) projection on spontaneous predatory attack, predatory competition and food intake was studied in cats. Selective noradrenergic neurotoxin DSP-4 injected into LC caused 71% decrease of noradrenaline content in amygdala and 41% decrease in hypothalamus. Predatory behaviour, predatory competition as well as food intake remained...

The noradrenergic system is intimately related to the autonomic system and is thought to play a key role at the interface between arousal and cognition. The GANE (glutamate amplifies noradrenergic effects) theory proposes a complete account of that role, with an emphasis on the quantitative effect of noradrenaline on stimulus processing. This is in marked contrast to network reset theory, which...

Noradrenergic Mediation of Experimental Cerebrovascular Spasm • Catecholamine fluorescent techniques demonstrate an abundant noradrenergic periarterial nerve plexus in the adventitia of the major intracranial vessels. After repeated spasm of these vessels, a marked reduction to complete absence of catecholamine fluorescence is noted. Seemingly, an exhaustion of noradrenalin stores from the nerv...

A series of electron microscopic immunocytochemical studies was performed to analyze subcellular sites for noradrenergic modulation in monkey prefrontal cortex. One out of 12 noradrenergic varicosities, identified by dopamine beta-hydroxylase immunocytochemistry within single ultrathin sections, forms morphologically identifiable junctions with small dendrites and spines. Accordingly, alpha2-ad...

Animal studies show that glucocorticoid effects on memory depend on noradrenergic activation within an intact amygdala. Testing this model in humans is the subject of the present fMRI study. Healthy subjects watched emotional and neutral stimuli after having received a betablocker or placebo. Cortisol levels of all subjects were determined and served as a marker of the subject's (endogenous) co...

Noradrenergic modulation from the locus coerulus is often associated with the regulation of sensory signal-to-noise ratio. In the olfactory system, noradrenergic modulation affects both bulbar and cortical processing, and has been shown to modulate the detection of low concentration stimuli. We here implemented a computational model of the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex, based on known expe...

The participation of a growth hormone (GH) inhibitory noradrenergic input to the median eminence in stress-induced suppression of rat GH secretion was investigated in animals with median eminence catecholamine lesions produced by intravenous injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). Unstressed lesioned rats exhibited an enhanced frequency of GH secretory bursts, but both intact and lesioned rats...