INTRODUCTION The urbanisation process has been associated with increases in asthma prevalence in urban and rural areas of low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, although rural to urban migration and migration between cities are considered important determinants of this process, few studies have evaluated the effects of internal migration on asthma in urban populations of LMICs...

To the Editor: Studies in developing countries (DCs) have frequently reported a lower prevalence of allergic diseases (ADs) in rural areas compared with urban settings, and this has been attributed to the protective effects of environmental exposures such as rural lifestyle. Recent evidence from studies conducted in Africa and Asia showed that ADs are increasing in urban and even in rural setti...

the objective of this research was to study barriers of starting and expanding home based businesses in rural areas of urmia county. the research was an applied research and a descriptive research in terms of goal and method of data collection, respectively. the target population of the research consisted of all rural residents who were owners of registered and approved home based businesses in...

Since the introduction of private tubewells in rural Pakistan, farmers have increasingly used groundwater to supplement canal water for irrigation and improve the reliability of the water supply. Farmers obtain groundwater either from their own tubewells or from other well owners. This paper examines the effect of private tubewells on rural income, both in terms of income level and income distr...

Since the 1970s, migration to the Amazon has led to a growing human presence and resulting dramatic changes in the physical landscape of the Northern Ecuadorian Amazon frontier, including considerable deforestation. Over time, a second demographic phenomenon has emerged with the children of the original migrants leaving settler farms to set out on their own. The vast majority have remained in t...

we report a case of human urogenital myiasis in an 86-year-old rural man with a penil ulcer and numerous alive and motile larvae from urethra and glans penis. entomological studies on adult flies showed the larvae were lucilia sericata   and wohlfahrtia magnifica . the clinical presentation and treatment strategies are discussed.

abstractagriculture is considered as one of the important sectors of economic. that in the production of food and industrial crops may play an important role in economic development. in this regard human resource is very important. so that quantitative and qualitative changes in the human resources can lead to major changes in agricultural production and it influences completely agricultural pr...

Rural development initiatives across the developing world are designed to improve community well-being and livelihoods. However they may also have unforeseen consequences, in some cases placing further demands on stretched public services. In this paper we use data from a longitudinal study of five Ethiopian villages to investigate the impact of a recent rural development initiative, installing...