In this appendix we consider a procedure to assess quantitatively whether the expressive or strategic voting model is more appropriate for the state supreme court voting data used in this paper. As we remarked in the main text, for a given set of cases, the first-stage likelihood function for the votes is identical for both the expressive and strategic voting models, and in this sense the two m...

3 Logical Relation Proofs 15 3.1 Basic Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.1.1 Properties of Step-Indexed Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 3.1.2 Approximation Yields Valid Semantic Objects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.1.3 World Extension and Store Satisfaction Properties . . ...

We provide a very simple model of a reeective facility based on the pure-calculus, and we show that its theory of contextual equivalence is trivial: two terms in the language are contextually equivalent ii they are-congruent.

Much can be learned about a process by observing changes over time or by comparing two different processes under different conditions. This chapter introduces the major types of observational study designs: the longitudinal or cohort study, the comparative or case-control study, and some of their variants. It also includes examples of the key measures of relationship between factor and outcome ...

Privacy related properties in electronic voting are naturally expressed as indistinguishability properties. This motivates the study of observational equivalence, as well as static equivalence in the context of the AVOTÉ project. In this report we survey the existing results on the computational soundness of symbolic indistinguishability relations in the presence of a passive adversary, for whi...

In this note, we present a proof of Π2-completeness of contextual equivalence of Turing machines via a reduction of the language FIN to contextual inequivalence. FIN is the language of encodings 〈Mi〉 of Turing machines Mi for which the set Wi of inputs on which Mi halts (or the set of accepting inputs of Mi) is finite. FIN is known to be Σ 0 2-complete.

There are results which show that measure-theoretic deterministic models and stochastic models are observationally equivalent. Thus there is a choice between a deterministic and an indeterministic model and the question arises: Which model is preferable relative to evidence? If the evidence equally supports both models, there is underdetermination. This paper first distinguishes between differe...

background: during the last decades, to assess the risk factors of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (wmsds), enormous observational methods have been developed. rapid entire body assessment (reba) and quick exposure check (qec) are two general methods in this field. this study aimed to compare ergonomic risk assessment outputs from qec and reba in terms of agreement in distribution of pos...

This paper presents and philosophically assesses three types of results on the observational equivalence of continuous-time measure-theoretic deterministic and indeterministic descriptions. The first results establish observational equivalence to abstract mathematical descriptions. The second results are stronger because they show observational equivalence between deterministic and indeterminis...

Subtyping in first order object calculi is studied with respect to the logical semantics obtained by identifying terms that satisfy the same set of predicates, as formalized through an assignment system. It is shown that equality in the full first order ς-calculus is modelled by this notion, which on turn is included in a Morris style contextual equivalence.