BACKGROUND There have been few inter-observer studies of diffuse parenchymal lung disease (DPLD), but the recent ATS/ERS consensus classification provides a basis for such a study. METHODS A method for categorising numerically the percentage likelihood of these differential diagnoses was developed, and the diagnostic confidence of pathologists using this classification and the reproducibility...

OBJECTIVE To assess inter- and intra-observer agreement in the detection of lymphadenopathy on chest radiography in children at risk for tuberculosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective examination of the antero-posterior and lateral chest radiographs of children aged 1 month to 11 years discharged from the short-stay ward of the Red Cross Children's Hospital, Cape Town, with a diagnosis of t...

Methods. Four anterior segment images of four normal patients were obtained by a single examiner. The measurements of three independent observers were compared to assess interobserver reproducibility in quantifying the images. Thirteen different anterior segment parameters were measured by each observer on each image. Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of measurement were assessed ...

Intra-observer and inter-study reproducibility of brachial artery flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and glyceryl trintrate (GTN)-mediated dilatation by CMR at 3Tesla were assessed. Coefficients of variation (CoV) were calculated using the root mean square method. The intra-observer CoV, assessed in 15 subjects, was 15% for both FMD and GTN response. The inter-study CoV, assessed in 17 subjects, wa...

BACKGROUND AND AIMS When to perform oesophagectomy for neoplastic progression in Barrett's oesophagus is controversial. Some resect for high grade dysplasia whereas others defer treatment until intramucosal adenocarcinoma is diagnosed. Interobserver agreement for a diagnosis of high grade dysplasia or intramucosal adenocarcinoma remains unknown and may have therapeutic implications. METHODS H...

The problem of observer design for nonlinear systems has got great attention in the recent literature. The nonlinear observer has been a topic of interest in control theory. In this research, a modified robust sliding-mode observer (SMO) is designed to accurately estimate the state variables of nonlinear systems in the presence of disturbances and model uncertainties. The observer has a simple ...

non-fragile observer design is the main problem of this paper. using continuous frequency distribution, the stability conditions based on integer order lyapunov theorem are derived for lipschitz class of nonlinear fractional order systems. the proposed observer is stable beside the existence of both gain perturbation and input disturbance. for the first time, in this paper a systematic method i...

this paper presents a new observer design methodology for a time varying actuator fault estimation. a new linear matrix inequality (lmi) design algorithm is developed to tackle the limitations (e.g. equality constraint and robustness problems) of the well known so called fast adaptive fault estimation observer (fafe). the fafe is capable of estimating a wide range of time-varying actuator fault...

the problem of observer design for nonlinear systems has got great attention in the recent literature. the nonlinear observer has been a topic of interest in control theory. in this research, a modified robust sliding-mode observer (smo) is designed to accurately estimate the state variables of nonlinear systems in the presence of disturbances and model uncertainties. the observer has a simple ...

Inter- and intra-observer variation in measuring the depth of invasion of malignant melanomas was assessed using three different techniques: eye-piece graticule, stage Vernier, and projection image analysis. Significant variation was found for all methods but was least pronounced with the stage Vernier. It is recommended that this should be the preferred technique for routine use.