At low frequencies, offset, 1/f noise and drift are the dominant error sources of operational amplifiers. This is especially true in CMOS technology. This chapter reviews precision techniques that can be used to achieve low 1/f noise and low offset in operational amplifiers. There are three types of CMOS offset cancellation techniques: trimming, chopping, and auto-zeroing. Trimming is usually p...

In this paper, a G(1), C(1), C(2) PH-spline is employed as an approximation for a given Bézier curve within error bound and further renders offset which can be regarded as an approximate offset to the Bézier curve. The errors between PH-spline and the Bézier curve, the offset to PH-spline and the offset to the given Bézier curve are also estimated. A new algorithm for constructing offset to the...

In this paper, a theoretical analysis to evaluate the performance of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) systems under the combined influence of Phase Offset and Frequency Offset over Rayleigh, Weibull and Nakagami fading channels using Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) Modulation is presented. The performance of an OFDM system is degraded by both the Frequency Offset and the Phase...

one of the common problems in reflective seismic records is the existence of coherent linear and random noises which cause covering of the most important parts of reflective signals; therefore, it is necessary to attenuate them by processing methods. several processing techniques have been devised for attenuation of coherent linear noises and linear radon or ?-? transform is a powerful techniqu...

Biodiversity offsets are intended to achieve no net loss of biodiversity due to economic and human development. A variety of biodiversity components are addressed by offset policies. It is required that loss of protected species due to development be offset under the EU Habitats and Birds Directives in Europe. We call this type of offset a species-equality offset because the offset pertains to ...

Current reverse total shoulder arthroplasty prosthesis designs do not permit offset of the humerus in the sagittal plane. Posteriorly shifting the humerus has the theoretical benefit of lengthening the infraspinatus and teres minor muscles and their external rotation moment arms, thereby improving the tension and efficiency of each external rotator and subsequently requiring each muscle to prod...

OBJECTIVE The offset connector can allow medial and lateral variability and facilitate intralaminar screw incorporation into the construct. The aim of this study was to compare the biomechanical characteristics of C7 intralaminar screw constructs with and without offset connector using a three dimensional finite element model of a C6-7 cervical spine segment. METHODS Finite element models rep...

An algorithm is presented to approximate planar offset curves within an arbitrary tolerance > 0. Given a planar parametric curve C(t) and an offset radius r, the circle of radius r is first approximated by piecewise quadratic Bézier curve segments within the tolerance . The exact offset curve Cr(t) is then approximated by the convolution of C(t) with the quadratic Bézier curve segments. For a p...