An interesting phenomenon called "hidden opportunity cost of time effect" was detected in intertemporal choices. The majority of our participants preferred the smaller but sooner (SS) option to the larger but later (LL) option if opportunity cost was explicit. However, a higher proportion of participants preferred the LL to SS option if opportunity cost was hidden. This shift violates the invar...

Does the composition of governance affect firm outcomes? We exploit timings and thresholds a gender quota in boards directors supervisory to causally determine impact change leadership on performance. Using novel design data boards, we find that firms forced comply with 2011 France increased their profit margin by 5.4 percent relative unchanged thereby limiting diminishing profitability. identi...

This research was conducted in the west forest of Guilan, northern Iran. Data from various harvesting methods for 20 years were collected. Results showed that, productivity rate of round wood, pulp wood and fuel wood has had an upward trend, while rate of traditional products (lumber, sawn wood, charcoal, etc.) has had a downward trend. Production cost has been investigated in this research. Th...