Regional and global air pollution emissions from marine transportation is a growing concern. In discerning the sources of such pollution, researchers have become interested in tracking where along the total fuel cycle these emissions occur. In addition, new efforts to introduce alternative fuels in marine vessels have raised new questions about the energy use and environmental impacts of such f...

Earth is a chemical battery where, over evolutionary time with a trickle-charge of photosynthesis using solar energy, billions of tons of living biomass were stored in forests and other ecosystems and in vast reserves of fossil fuels. In just the last few hundred years, humans extracted exploitable energy from these living and fossilized biomass fuels to build the modern industrial-technologica...

The focus of this work was the evaluation of analytical methods to determine and characterize fractions of subsurface organic matter. Major fractions of total organic carbon (TOC) include: particulate organic carbon (POC) in aquifer material, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and both volatile (VOC) and non-volatile (NVOC) organic carbon sub-fractions. POC makes up the bulk of TOC in contaminated ...

There is growing use of wood pellet and wood chip boilers in the UK. Elsewhere fatalities have been reported, caused by carbon monoxide poisoning following entry into wood pellet storage areas. The aim of this work was to obtain information on how safely these two fuels are being stored in the UK. Site visits were made to six small-scale boiler systems and one large-scale pellet warehouse, to a...

barrels of oil equivalent (boe) The total energy content of a non-petroleum-based product or fuel in GJ divided by 5.904 6.115 GJ/boe. biodiesel The methyl or ethyl esters of transesterified triglycerides (lipids, fats, cooking greases) from biomass. biofuel A solid, gaseous, or liquid fuel produced from biomass. biogas A medium-energy-content gaseous fuel, generally containing 40 to 80 volume ...

This series of articles is concerned with how carbohydrate, lipid and amino acid metabolism in different tissues is integrated for the benefit of the whole animal. The tissues of the body oxidize a variety of organic compounds for production of biological energy in the form of ATP. These compounds include glucose, fatty acids, ketone bodies and some amino acids and for the purpose of these arti...

Air pollution in China and other parts of Asia poses large health risks and is an important contributor to global climate change. Almost half of Chinese homes use biomass and coal fuels for cooking and heating. China's economic growth and infrastructure development has led to increased emissions from coal-fired power plants and an expanding fleet of motor vehicles. Black carbon (BC) from incomp...

Cellulosic biomass includes agricultural (e.g., corn stover and sugarcane bagasse) and forestry (e.g., sawdust, thinnings, andmill wastes) residues, portions ofmunicipal solid waste (e.g., waste paper), and herbaceous (e.g., switchgrass) and woody (e.g., poplar trees) crops. Such materials are abundant and competitive in price with petroleum, and cellulosic biomass can provide a sustainable res...

A dibenzothiophene (DBT)-desulfurizing bacterial strain was isolated and identified as Gordona strain CYKS1. Strain CYKS1 was found to transform DBT to 2-hydroxybiphenyl via the 4S pathway and to be able to also use organic sulfur compounds other than DBT as a sole sulfur source. Its desulfurization activity was susceptible to sulfate repression. Active resting cells for desulfurization could b...