A method of wetland mapping and flood survey based on satellite optical imagery from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Terra instrument was used over the Inner Niger Delta (IND) from 2000–2013. It has allowed us to describe the phenomenon of inundations in the delta and to decompose the flooded areas in the IND into open water and mixture of water and dry land, and that ...

Multivariate vertical Empirical Orthogonal Functions (EOF) are calculated for the entire Mediterranean Sea both from observations and model simulations, in order to find the optimal number of vertical modes to represent the upper thermocline vertical structure. For the first time, we show that the large-scale Mediterranean thermohaline vertical structure can be represented by a limited number o...

This study describes an EOF-based technique for statistical downscaling of high spatial resolution monthly mean precipitation from large scale reanalysis circulation fields. The method is demonstrated and evaluated for four widely-separated locations: the Southeast United States, the Upper Colorado River Basin, China’s Jiangxi Province, and Central Europe. For each location, the EOF-based downs...

Analyzing functional data often leads to finding common factors, for which functional principal components analysis proves to be a useful tool to summarize and characterize the random variation in a function space. The representation in terms of eigenfunctions is optimal in the sense of L2 approximation. However, the eigenfuntions are not always directed towards an interesting and interpretable...

Four synoptic regimes were identified as accompanying the widespread dust in central and eastern Saudi Arabia. The widespread cases of dust were classified based on the value and spread of the aerosol index data from the TOMS aerosol index (TOMS AI) satellite over the area of interest. The synoptic regimes of these dust cases were recognized using the Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysi...

The analysis of interdecadal physical and biological variability is made challenging by the relative shortness of available time series. It has been suggested that rapid temporal changes of the most energetic empirical orthogonal function of North Pacific sea surface temperature (sometimes called the Pacific Decadal Oscillation or PDO) represents a ‘‘regime shift’’ between states with otherwise...

Analysis of surface soil moisture patterns in agricultural landscapes using empirical orthogonal functions W. Korres, C. N. Koyama, P. Fiener, and K. Schneider Department of Geography, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany Received: 30 July 2009 – Accepted: 3 August 2009 – Published: 24 August 2009 Correspondence to: W. Korres ([email protected]) Published by Copernicus Publication...

Using satellite-observed Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) dada and station-observed surface air temperature anomalies for the Northern Hemisphere (NH), we analyze the spatio-temporal characteristics of vegetation variations in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and their correlations with global warming from 1982 to 2002. It is found that the late spring and early summer (May-June) are the ...

An ice core extracted from Holtedahlfonna ice cap, western Spitsbergen, record spanning the period 1700–2005, was analyzed for major ions. The leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) component is correlated with an index of summer melt (log([Na]/[Mg]) from 1850 and shows that almost 50% of the variance can be attributed to seasonal melting since the beginning of the industrial revolution. T...

in this paper, we investigate some properties of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of boundary value problems with separated boundary conditions. also, we obtain formal series solutions for some partial differential equations associated with the second order differential equation, and study necessary and sufficient conditions for the negative and positive eigenvalues of the boundary value problem....