Byzantine music is a cover term for the liturgical music used in the Orthodox Church within the Byzantine Empire and the Churches regarded as continuing that tradition. This music is monophonic (with drone notes), exclusively vocal, and almost entirely sacred: very little secular music of this kind has been preserved, although we know that court ceremonial music in Byzantium was similar to the ...

During the 1800’s – before the well-known genocide, planned in the twentieth century – there were massacres and persecution on Armenian villages. It is important to underline that many Christian Armenians lived in Ottoman Empire. At the beginning of 1800’s they paid many taxes and felt themselves an important part of the Empire. Thus they would have liked to achieve more significant public role...

The purpose of the article is to provide an idea role that Cyprus played in rivalry between Ottoman Empire at height its development sixteenth century, and Christian forces Mediterranean basin, particular, Republic Venice. Battle Lepanto one stage this rivalry, which culminated major changes strategic economic balance eastern Mediterranean. refers causes war for Lepanto, also points important t...

This obituary discusses the contributions of late historian, Rifa'at Abou-El-Haj (1933-2022), to field Ottoman History. It describes influence his scholarship on growing literature early-modern Empire. also references mentorship graduate students and signficance critical approach in field.

abstract a poet, author, statesman, and eminent social figure under the ottoman empire, ma'ruf rosafi, lived in a period when ignorance, poverty, and disease had overshadowed the country. obviously, literature in late 19th century and early 20th century witnessed a rise and boom which included political, social, and cultural issues. and it was poetry that could yield positive effects in th...