in this paper, two methods have been used: multi-layer perceptron artificial neural network (ann-mlp) and universal kriging to estimate of velocity field. neural network is an information processing system which is formed by a large number of simple processing elements, known as artificial nerves. it is formed by a number of nodes and weights connecting the nodes. the input data are multiplied ...

Signal output from receptor-G-protein-effector modules is a dynamic function of the nucleotide exchange activity of the receptor, the GTPase-accelerating activity of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs), and their interactions. GAPs may inhibit steady-state signaling but may also accelerate deactivation upon removal of stimulus without significantly inhibiting output when the receptor is active. F...

Output gap estimates calculated in real-time are known to be often unreliable. Recent work has found that, without the benefit of hindsight, it can prove difficult for policy-makers to pin down accurately the current position of the output gap. However, attention primarily has focussed on output gap point estimates alone. This paper considers output gap estimates and their uncertainty more gene...