Haemodynamic studies were performed at rest and during exercise in five chronic haemodialysis patients at two different states of hydration, called "normal hydration" and "over-hydration" (mean change in body weight 2.9 kg). Apart from an increase in mean aortic pressure and cardiac index there were no signs of cardiac dysfunction at rest at normal hydration. On exercise the mean pulmonary arte...

Dialysis hypotension is estimated to occur in 20% of haemodialysis (HD) sessions [1] and can lead to serious vascular complications such as cerebral infarction and cardiac and mesenteric ischaemia [2,3]. It may contribute to chronic overhydration due to an inability to reach dry weight and may lead to under-dialysis [1,2,4]. Prevention of dialysis hypotension, therefore, is an important challen...

Normal sodium levels in the extracellular fluid are range of 135–145 mmol/L. Low serum (hyponatraemia) is a common water and electrolyte balance disorder. Dehydration overhydration most causes hyponatraemia children. This paper describes case 2.5-year-old boy admitted to paediatric ward due pneumonia. The child showed reluctance intake, hypoosmolar with hypouricaemia, increased urinary excretio...

Water exchanges between rabbit erythrocytes and extracellular solutions equidistant from intracellular osmolarity were studied by freezing point depression techniques. Water efflux was always less than water influx and both were hypotonic to the intracellular and extracellular fluids. The magnitudes of these water exchanges were not dependent on the presence of extracellular cation. Stimulation...