Many important biologically active compounds contain quaternary carbon centers. Efficient asymmetric syntheses of these compounds represent a significant challenge in organic chemistry.1 Some catalytic synthetic methods directed toward this problem include prolinecatalyzed aldol reactions,2 Michael additions,3 alkylations with phase-transfer catalysts,4 palladium-catalyzed allylations,5 Heck re...

Background Cross sectional research shows that nearly half of the individuals with osteoarthritis (OA) experience fatigue and over one third severe (1). However, few studies have addressed unpredictable fluctuating course in OA including occurrence overwhelming as evidenced from qualitative (2). In-depth understanding its determinants may inform clinical decision making treatment. Objectives To...

Background Psychiatric comorbidities are frequent extra-articular manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and depression is the most common [1]. A 2013 study estimated that 16.8 % of RA patients suffer from major depressive disorder, being more prevalent than diabetes, Parkinson’s disease or cancer [2-3]. Patients with have constitutional symptoms, frequently encountered depression, like fa...

Sir, The genus Aeromonas comprises 14 species, although its taxonomy has not yet been resolved. The main species considered to be pathogenic in humans are Aeromonas hydrophila, Aeromonas caviae and Aeromonas veronii biotype sobria. These species can cause both gastrointestinal and extraintestinal infectious diseases. Aeromonas gastroenteritis is generally self-limiting and, except in immunocomp...

Effective comparisons of natural grasslands and improved pasture require a robust model for plant growth, soil water balance, runoff, soil erosion, and climatic impacts. Our first objective was to develop plant parameters in the field that enabled the ALMANAC model to simulate growth of coastal bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.]. Pensacola bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flügge var saurae ...

-TO~~~ aboveground live tree biomass in Puerto Rican lower montane wet, subtropical wet, subtropical moist and subtropical dry forests was estimated using data from two forest inventories and published regression equations. Multiple potentially-applicable published biomass models existed for some forested life zones, and their estimates tended to diverge with increasing tree diameter at breast ...

Central MessageThe purpose of this review is to highlight new developments in perioperative management CHD from the American Association for Thoracic Surgery journals and beyond year 2020. The Excellence surgical technique together have led a dramatic increase number patients living with congenital heart disease (CHD) current era. Worldwide, community has been working refine perfect management,...

Hierarchical accountability often proves insufficient to control street-level implementation, where complex, informal relations prevail and tasks must be prioritized. However, scholars lack a theoretical model of how affect implementation behaviors that are inconsistent with policy. By extending the Accountability Regimes Framework (ARF), this paper explains multiple competing subjective accoun...

The ability to follow explicit rules improves dramatically during the course of childhood, but relatively little is known about the changes in brain structure and function that underlie this behavioral improvement. Drawing from neuroscientific studies in human adults and other animals, as well as from an emerging literature in developmental cognitive neuroscience, we propose a brainbased accoun...