NF-κB, a central proinflammatory regulator, gets activated by TNF receptor–associated factors (TRAFs). But He et al. (page 2413) now report that one TRAF family member (TRAF3) instead negatively regulates an alternative NF-κB activation pathway. Classical activation of NF-κB occurs by TRAF-controlled degradation of cytoplasmic inhibitory binding proteins, which leads to nuclear accumulation of ...

Todd et al. (2014ab) have recently demonstrated the presence of vestibular-dependent contributions to auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) when passing through the vestibular threshold as determined by vestibular evoked myogenic potentials (VEMPs), including a particular deflection labeled as an N42/P52 prior to the long-latency AEPs N1 and P2. In this paper we report the results of an experiment ...

Amplification, overexpression, or rearrangement of the c-rel gene, encoding the c-Rel NF-kappaB subunit, has been reported in solid and hematopoietic malignancies. For example, many primary human breast cancer tissue samples express high levels of nuclear c-Rel. While the Rev-T oncogene v-rel causes tumors in birds, the ability of c-Rel to transform in vivo has not been demonstrated. To directl...

Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Pasteurella multocida play an important role in virulence and are for vaccine development due to immunogenicity. Here, we evaluated immunoprotection mice, immunized with native OmpH, recombinant OmpH HS alum precipitated P. P52 against challenge. Protection studies were performed mice groups I (OmpH); II (recombinant OmpH); III (HS vaccine). Group IV was contro...

We discuss several aspects of the cosmological evolution of moduli fields in heterotic string/M-theory scenarios. In particular we study the equations of motion of both the dilaton and overall modulus of these theories in the presence of an expanding Universe and under different assumptions. First we analyse the impact of their couplings to matter fields, which turns out to be negligible in the...