Local anesthetics, on the other hand, deposited near a nerve between the surgical site and the brain, set up a chemical roadblock that prevents the pain impulse from ever reaching the brain (Figure 1). The patient’s level of consciousness remains unaffected when local anesthetics are administered, unlike the CNS depressants used in general anesthesia. The safety of local anesthetics may be garn...

introduction: control of post thoracotomy pain is particularly important in prevention of post operative respiratory complications. several methods are proposed for control of postoperative pain. cryoanalgesia by freezing of intercostal nerves is able to providing long term pain relief in post operative period which probably results in cutaneous sensory changes. methods: this clinical trial stu...

background: chronic low back pain (clbp) is one of the most prevalent health problems which is affected by psychological disorders. the aim of this study was to evaluate the role of psychological intervention on chronic low back pain among a sample of iranian nurses.   material and methods: this is a randomized clinical trial. the participants of this study consisted of 84 nurses suffering from...

background: chronic musculoskeletal pain is a worldwide health problem. anxiety and depression are common among patients suffering from chronic pain. self-management strategies are used to help patients manage the emotional distress associated with pain. aim: to evaluate the effects of cognitive pain self-management program (cpsmp) on depression, anxiety, and stress in women with chronic pain. ...

low back pain (lbp) is also one of the most common medical conditions in athletes. there is little doubt that patients with lbp use from their body differently than pain free individuals. the purpose of this review was to investigate changes in motor control which may be present in athletes with lbp. the search strategy for this review consisted of an electronic database search of full text in ...

conclusions tens can reduce postoperative pain in the early hours after inguinal hernia repair surgery. results the mean estimated postoperative pain intensity was 6.21 ± 1.63 in the intervention group and 5.45 ± 1.82 in the control group (p = 0.08). in the intervention group pain intensity at 2 and 4 hours after surgery were 3.54 ± 1.48 and 5.12 ± 1.41 (p < 0.001), respectively. in the control...

background: subjects with knee osteoarthritis typically have higher knee adduction moment. current research efforts are mainly focused on therapeutic procedures that potentially may modify disease progression. this preliminary study was designed as a single blind (examiner) randomized control trial to investigate the impact of conventional physical therapy on pain, and knee joint load in subjec...