Many recent discoveries in astrophysics involve phenomena that are highly complex. Carefully designed experiments, together with sophisticated computer simulations , are required to gain insights into the underlying physics. We show that particle accelerators are unique tools in this area of research, by providing precision calibration data and by creating extreme experimental conditions releva...

International high-energy particle physics research centers, like CERN and Fermilab, require excessive studies simulations to plan for the upcoming upgrades of world's largest accelerators, design future machines given technological challenges tight budgetary constraints. The Beam Longitudinal Dynamics (BLonD) simulator suite incorporates most detailed complex phenomena in field longitudinal be...

The gravitational tug of galaxies on orbiting stars, gas clouds, other galaxies, and light reveals that the galaxies have much more mass than their visible constituents provide [1]. From what we know of the primordial abundances of the lightest elements, over 80% of this dark matter is not made of baryons, that is, particles like protons and neutrons, but rather consists of particles not yet ob...

With the advent of the LHC and the continuing influx of cosmological data, phenomenological aspects of string theory have received renewed attention in recent years and many problems have been properly incorporated in this framework. For instance, recent theoretical considerations in string theory have applied a statistical approach to the enormous landscape of metastable vacua. The large numbe...

Many systems used by the CERN accelerators and the technical infrastructure have to respect stringent requirements in terms of reliability, safety, availability and maintainability either for operation, security, or legal aspects such as the one required by French Regulatory Authority: the INB (Installations Nucléaires de Base ). The functional safety approach provides a structured method for a...

Design and synthesis of two-dimensional (2D) materials with robust ferromagnetism and biocompatibility is highly desirable due to their potential applications in spintronics and biodevices. However, the hotly pursued 2D sheets including pristine graphene, monolayer BN, and layered transition metal dichalcogenides are nonmagnetic or weakly magnetic. Using biomimetic particle swarm optimization (...

We present results of micron-resolution measurements of the ground motions in large particle accelerators over the range of spatial scales L from several meters to tens of kilometers and time intervals T from minutes to several years and show that in addition to systematic changes due to tides or slow drifts, there is a stochastic component which has a "random-walk" character both in time and i...

In this paper we describe the beam distribution in particle accelerators in the framework of a stochastic–hydrodynamic scheme. In this scheme the possible reproduction of the halo after its elimination is a consequence of the stationarity of the transverse distribution which plays the role of an attractor for every other distribution. The relaxation time toward the halo is estimated, and a few ...

Rapid advances in the performance of superconducting cavities have made RF superconductivity a key technology for accelerators that fulfil a variety of physics needs: high energy particle physics, nuclear physics, neutron spallation sources, and free electron lasers. New applications are forthcoming for frontier high energy physics accelerators, radioactive beams for nuclear astrophysics, next ...

A back-propagation (BP) neural network can solve complicated random nonlinear mapping problems; therefore, it can be applied to a wide range of problems. However, as the sample size increases, the time required to train BP neural networks becomes lengthy. Moreover, the classification accuracy decreases as well. To improve the classification accuracy and runtime efficiency of the BP neural netwo...