background: exposure conditions in ct examinations are quite different from conventional xray. in ct examination higher dose is given to patient in comparison with the dose in other diagnostic examinations. in order to calculate organ effective dose in chest ct, monte carlo simulation has been used in this study. materials and methods: the impact survey data were used to determine the parameter...

background: one of the means of assessing dose to patients from computed tomography (ct) procedure is through the determination of the skin entrance dose (esd) with the appreciation of the concern that ocular exposure effects from ct scan includes possible induction of cancer and cataract. due to the relatively more recent introduction of ct scans, little work has been done in this area in the ...

introduction:  skin  sparing  is  one  of  the  most  desirable  characteristics  of  high  energy  photon  beams. however, the photons emerging from the target of linacs are contaminated by secondary  electrons  as  a  result  of  their  interactions  with  air,  collimators,  flattening  filter  and  any  other  objects in their path. this phenomenon tends to increase the skin dose received b...

Finding the right dose of a novel treatment is one of the most important tasks in early drug development. However, there is often uncertainty about the form of the relationship between dose and patient response at the time that the dose-finding trials are designed. In this presentation we develop Bayesian adaptive designs for Phase II cross-over trials conducted to estimate the minimum effectiv...

objecive prolonged and uncontrolled refractory status epilepticus (se) is a life-threatening medical emergency in children (1,2,3). there is no consensus on the optimal therapy for refractory status epilepticus (1). the aim of this study was to develop a new method for treating patients with refractory status epilepticus. materials & methods ten children with refractory status epilepticus in mo...

background: acute appendicitis is one of the most common acute surgery events. its main treatment is surgery. however medical management before and after the surgery has an important impact on the treatment. objective: the aim of study was evaluating the outcomes of single dose and quadruple doses of prophylactic antibiotic therapy in patients with acute non-complicated appendicitis. methods: t...

Four patients with nicorandil induced ulceration are described, and the literature on the subject is reviewed. Nicorandil induced ulcers are very painful and distressing for patients. Clinically they appear as large, deep, persistent ulcers that have punched out edges. They are poorly responsive to topical steroids and usually require alteration of nicorandil treatment. The ulceration tends to ...