BACKGROUND Human settlements are of increasing interest to ecologists, a fact demonstrated by the recent cluster of book-length treatments of the topic (Forman 2008, McDonnell et al. 2009, Gaston 2010, Niemelä et al. 2011, Wilson 2011, Forman 2014). The natural world as a fascinating feature of towns and cities has a much longer history (e.g. Fitter 1945), and has also played a strong part in l...

This paper describes the use of data mining tools for predicting the non-linear layer moduli of asphalt road pavement structures based on the deflection profiles obtained from non-destructive deflection testing. The deflected shape of the pavement under vehicular loading is predominantly a function of the thickness of the pavement layers, the moduli of individual layers, and the magnitude of th...

pavement design using mechanistic-empirical methods is often carried out based on the some assumptions for pavement layer's properties (thickness, elastic modulus, poisson's ratio and ….), loading properties(axial weight, tire coordinates, number of repetitions and …) and also the failure mechanism for different materials. fulfillment of these assumptions for evolution of pavement performance d...

Pavement structures cover vast areas of urban cities and non-urban roads play a key role in daily commuting functionality economic development; therefore, they must be conserved against any distress. The rutting problem, being major distress to the pavement structure, solved dealt with order preserve its value. One way solving this dilemma is by using geo-grids within structure. A geo-grid synt...

In developing countries, large sums of money are spent annually to enhance and maintain road networks as allocated by authorities. The need users in most countries all over the world is have safe, economic, smooth roads despite pressure on authorities further reduce expenditure. Money allocation for infrastructure among many priorities competing government funds, thus causing pressure. objectiv...

Finite element method in pavement analysis is a type of mechanistic analysis that has widely been used by road and transportation engineers these days. This method is used with related programs such as ABAQUS/CAE which is one of the powerful software on this task. Modeling in this software has been developed from 2D static models to 3D dynamic models which are closer to reality due to the more ...