With the widespread use of avermectins (AVMs) for managing parasitic and agricultural pests, the resistance of worms and insects to AVMs has emerged as a serious threat to human health and agriculture worldwide. The reduced penetration of AVMs is one of the main reasons for the development of the resistance to the chemicals. However, the detailed molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we us...

Penetration experiments will find several applications in exploration missions in the near future. Penetrators are common tools for the investigation of physical surface properties. The techniques and theories are widely applied under 1g condition on Earth and the results are used by engineers and scientists. The main contribution to the bearing resistance of a soil is combined of shaft and bas...

Plant growth is directly affected by soil water, soil aeration, and soil resistance to root penetration. The least limiting water range (LLWR) is de®ned as the range in soil water content within which limitations to plant growth associated with water potential, aeration and soil resistance to root penetration are minimal. The LLWR has not been evaluated in tropical soils. Thus, the objective of...