Targeted electric deep brain stimulation in midbrain nuclei in humans alters cardiovascular parameters, presumably by modulating autonomic and baroreflex function. Baroreflex modulation of sympathetic outflow is crucial for cardiovascular regulation and is hypothesized to occur at 2 distinct brain locations. The aim of this study was to evaluate sympathetic outflow in humans with deep brain sti...

Uncontrollable stress can have a profound effect on an organism's ability to respond effectively to future stressful situations. Behavior subsequent to uncontrollable stress can vary greatly between individuals, falling on a spectrum between healthy resilience and maladaptive learned helplessness. It is unclear whether dysfunctional brain activity during uncontrollable stress is associated with...

We studied the distribution of parvalbumin-immunoreactive cell bodies and fibers in the cat brain stem. A high or moderate density of perikarya containing parvalbumin was observed in the periaqueductal gray, interpeduncular nucleus, nucleus of the trapezoid body, superior and inferior colliculi, and in the substantia nigra. The nucleus ruber, cuneiform nucleus, preolivary nucleus, retrorubral n...

A brain circuit that drives and gates curiosity Curiosity is what organisms to investigate each other their environment. It considered by many be as intrinsic hunger thirst, but the neurobiological mechanisms behind have remained elusive. In mice, Ahmadlou et al. found a specific population of genetically identified ?-aminobutyric acid (GABA)—ergic neurons in region called zona incerta receive ...