offshore pipelines used for oil and gas transportation are often buried to avoid damage from fishing activities and to provide thermal insulation. thermal expansion and contraction of the pipeline during operation can lead to lateral or upheaval buckling. a safe buried pipeline design must take into account a reliable evaluation of soil uplift resistance and pipe embedment depth. while the cost...

In this work we investigated the behavior of methane hydrates dispersed in crude oils from different fields at temperatures below 0°C. In case of crude oil emulsion the size of water droplets is in the range of 50÷100μm. The size of hydrate particles formed from droplets is the same. The self-preservation is not expected in this field. However, the self-preservation of hydrates with the size of...

International investment contracts usually involve stabilization clauses that are prevalently used in infrastructure, telecommunication, and energy sectors, especially the oil gas extraction industries. In petroleum industry, foreign investors providing advanced technology substantial financial capital for development often face political risks developing countries such as expropriation of pipe...