Analytical monitoring surveys routinely confirm that organisms in the environment are exposed to complex multi-component pharmaceutical mixtures. We are hence tasked with the challenge to take this into consideration when investigating the ecotoxicology of pharmaceuticals. This review first provides a brief overview of the fundamental approaches for mixture toxicity assessment, which is then fo...

Many artificial synthetic colorants, which have widely been used in foodstuff, dyestuff, cosmetic and pharmaceutical manufacturing processes, comprise various hazardous effects. To counter act the ill effect of synthetic colorants, there is worldwide interest in process of development for the production of pigments from natural sources. The utilization of natural pigments in foodstuff, dyestuff...

fenugreek (trigonella foenum-graecum l.), wild or cultivated, is widely distributed throughout the world and belongs to the fabacecae family. it is an old medicinal plant and has been commonly used as a traditional food and medicine. fenugreek is known to have hypoglycemic, and hypocholesterolaemic, effects. recent research has identified fenugreek as a valuable medicinal plant with potential f...

We contribute to the existing literature on drug consumption by analysing the misuse of pharmaceutical drugs, which has attracted scant attention in the economics literature. Specifically, using individual level data, we explore the determinants of pharmaceutical drug misuse and focus on potential industry and occupation effects, which have been associated with the consumption of other (licit a...

Human societies have witnessed the phenomenon of ever-increasing use of pharmaceutical opioids for a long time. Moreover, cultural, social, and economic aspects in any community have undergone the negative effects of the growing tendency toward opioids addiction. Since abusing pharmaceutical opioids is a serious problem, it is important to recognize and prioritize the factors influencing this a...

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of levofloxacin on the phagocytic and intracellular killing functions of human neutrophils at different therapeutic concentrations and to investigate the possible differences between pure powder and pharmaceutical form of levofloxacin on the neutrophil functions. Neutrophils obtained from healthy volunteers were incubated with both pure powder a...

Objective: Pharmaceutical chemistry plays a key role in pharmaceutical speciality, which is aiming at making students master basic concepts, basic theory and basic skills of pharmaceutical chemistry. The teachers, however, often encounter some challenges in their teaching process, such as insufficient learning motivation for students, lack of effective means to achieve teaching goals, non-unifo...