Animal toxin envenomations have medical as well as ecological significance. Toxin-producing animals are categorized under either venomous group or poisonous group. Venomous animals are capable of producing and delivering the toxin during a biting or stinging act whereas poisonous animals are those whose tissues, either in whole or in part, are toxic. [1] About 75% of the world’s animal species ...

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Memantine is a relatively new drug specially developed for use in moderate-to-severe dementia. It is an uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist and reduces glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Though Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the commonest cause of dementia in the world, there is no “cure” available for the same. Cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil and rivastigmine have been s...

Effects of various drugs on the collicular auditory neurons were examined by means of pressure microinjection and microelectrophoresis methods. 1 . Acetylcholine had stimulating action on 67 % of the nuerons tested. Most of them showed a relatively fast onset and a slow recovery. 2. Monosodium-L-glutamate excited 85 % of the neurons tested. The action was exerted with a relatively fast time cou...

Memantine is a relatively new drug specially developed for use in moderate-to-severe dementia. It is an uncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonist and reduces glutamatergic excitotoxicity. Though Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the commonest cause of dementia in the world, there is no "cure" available for the same. Cholinesterase inhibitors such as donepezil and rivastigmine have been s...

Rosa damascena mill L., known as Gole Mohammadi in Iran is one of the most important species of Rosaceae family flowers. R. damascena is an ornamental plant and beside perfuming effect, several pharmacological properties including anti-HIV, antibacterial, antioxidant, antitussive, hypnotic, antidiabetic, and relaxant effect on tracheal chains have been reported for this plant. This article is a...

background: the nigella sativa l. seeds have been used as herbal medicine in several countries for the treatment and prevention of a wide range of diseases like cough and bronchial asthma, headache, nasal congestion, toothaches, intestinal worm, menstrual disorder, digestive abnormality, and impotence. objective: the aim of this review was to collect updated available data focused on the pharma...

Punica granatum (Pg), commonly known as pomegranate (Pg), is a member of the monogeneric family, Punicaceae, and is mainly found in Iran which is considered to be its primary centre of origin. Pg and its chemical components possess various pharmacological and toxicological properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory (by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines), anti-cancer and anti-angiog...