This study evaluated the effects of stimulus repetition rate, phase, and frequency on the auditory brainstem response (ABR) in normal-hearing neonates and adults. In both neonates and adults, the results clearly showed large ABR wave V latency differences between condensation and rarefaction for low-frequency stimuli. Phase dependent latency effects are believed to be a result of the phase-sens...

In order to elucidate why many elderly listeners have difficulty understanding speech under reverberation, we investigated the relationship between word intelligibility and auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) in 28 elderly listeners. We hypothesized that the elderly listeners with low word intelligibility scores under reverberation would show degraded subcortical encoding information of reverbe...

Traditionally the study of fish hearing is achieved either by psychophysical method (e.g., behavioral training) or invasive electrophysiological recording (e.g., microphonics, single unit recording). A non-invasive, the auditory brainstem response (ABR) recording method is developed to study fish hearing. With the use of the ABR method and the removal of gas from various gas holding structures,...

The ligand-gated channels transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) and P2X3 have been reported to facilitate colorectal afferent neuron sensitization, thus contributing to organ hypersensitivity and pain. In the present study, we hypothesized that TRPV1 and P2X3 cooperate to modulate colorectal nociception and afferent sensitivity. To test this hypothesis, we employed TRPV1-P2X3 double ...

Immunopharmacology is the study of the use of pharmacological agents as modulators of immune responses. The principal applications are in the use of immunosuppressive agents (i.e., compounds that suppress undesirable immune responses) and immunostimulating agents (i.e., drugs, microorganisms, or biological products that enhance or augment immune responses). Three major indications for immunothe...

Amacrine cells are a highly diverse group of inhibitory retinal interneurons that sculpt the responses bipolar cells, ganglion and other amacrine cells. They integrate excitatory inputs from but for most little is known about specificity functional properties their inputs. Here, we have investigated GABA A receptors AII amacrine, critical neuron in rod pathway microcircuit, using patch-clamp re...

The goals of this study were 1) to quantitate the effects of atherosclerosis on physiological and pharmacological endothelium-dependent vasoactive responses in coronary arterioles downstream from arterial lesions and 2) to determine if administration of L-arginine, the precursor for endothelium-derived was induced in pigs, and vasomotor responses of isolated, cannulated coronary arterioles (30-...

Pharmacological treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) aims to alleviate symptoms and reduce the future risk of events such as exacerbations, progression death. The heterogeneity COPD results in variable responses pharmacological interventions. has evolved towards a precision medicine approach, integrating clinical biomarker information order optimize decisions each individu...

Proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) are a four-member family of G protein-coupled defined by their irreversible proteolytic mechanism activation. PARs have emerged as important regulators various physiological responses and implicated in numerous pathological conditions. Importantly, PAR1 PAR4 critical platelet function, while PAR2 is well established driver inflammatory responses. PAR-target...