Etiology Young horses commonly develop upper airway inflammation. The location of the nasopharynx at the entrance of the airway exposes it to multiple types of allergens, irritant particles, and viral or bacterial agents. The local lymphoid tissue responds to these stimuli by secreting mucus to entrap inhaled particles and by producing local immunoglobulins. As young horses start their performa...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis, especially among children, leads to high prevalence of rheumatic fever (RF)/rheumatic heart disease (RHD) in India, as compared to the western world where invasive diseases are common. GAS encodes numerous virulence factors that cause diseases by exhibiting extraordinary biological diversity. Hence, we studied the virulence factor...

The molecular mechanisms used by group A Streptococcus (GAS) to survive on the host mucosal surface and cause acute pharyngitis are poorly understood. To provide new information about GAS host-pathogen interactions, we used real-time reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) to analyze transcripts of 17 GAS genes in throat swab specimens taken from 18 pediatric patients with pharyngitis. The expressio...

OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review to determine whether clinical findings can be used to rule in or to rule out streptococcal pharyngitis in children. STUDY DESIGN Two authors independently searched MEDLINE and EMBASE. We included articles if they contained data on the accuracy of symptoms or signs of streptococcal pharyngitis, individually or combined into prediction rules, in children...

introduction group a β-hemolytic streptococcus is the most common cause of bacterial pharyngitis among 5 - 15-year-old children, but it is uncommon in children less than three years old and rarely happens in infants less than one year old. case presentation the patient was a 62-day-old female infant who presented with fever and poor feeding since two days before admission. at the time of admiss...

BACKGROUND Prompt and appropriate treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis decreases the risk of acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease (RHD). Understanding public perceptions and behaviors related to sore throat is fundamental to inform health programs aimed at eliminating new cases of RHD in endemic regions. We sought to describe the epidemiology of pediatric pharyngitis and its trea...

The causative organism of gonorrhoea, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, has a special predilection for columnar epithelium. It is a delicate organism easily destroyed by heat, drying, mild antiseptics, and soap solutions. Transference of infection occurs when moist infective discharges come into contact with susceptible mucous membranes. Although the usual portal of entry of N. gonorrhoeae is the lower ge...

Accurate diagnosis of group A streptococcal pharyngitis and appropriate antimicrobial therapy are important, particularly to prevent nonsuppurative sequelae such as rheumatic fever. Most episodes of sore throat, however, are caused by viral agents. Clinical findings cannot reliably differentiate streptococcal from viral pharyngitis and most physicians tend to overestimate the probability of a s...

BACKGROUND Pharyngitis is a common complaint in pediatric patients. If clinical parameters are used alone, bacterial pathogens will be wrongly implicated in many cases. A nonstandardized approach to the treatment of children with pharyngitis in an emergency department setting may lead to inappropriate empirical therapy, contribute to increased bacterial resistance, and result in adverse events ...

OBJECTIVE To compare clinical and bacteriologic responses to intramuscular benzathine penicillin G (BPG) and single dose of amoxicillin in Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. DESIGN This study included 571 children from 6 to 15 years old age, with pharyngitis, who were admitted to 45 elementary and guidance schools from 7 regions of Education Organization in North-East of Iran, Mashhad. ...