W the fi rst issue of volume number C57, the IEEE Transactions on Computers (TC) will enter a new year of publication, a long journey started more than 50 years ago. If you are an old timer like me who enjoys navigating through dusty paper copies of TC in your institutional library, you will be surprised to fi nd that, initially, volumes were numbered EC1 through EC16. This refl ects the origin...

as the e-commerce sites are being more secure and reliable in recent years and the number of transactions is rising rapidly, parallelism can help us to reduce response time and increase throughput for e-commerce transactions. this paper will investigate parallelism in on-line transaction processing. it aims to specify those aspects of e-commerce transactions that would profit from parallel proc...

BACKGROUND Little is known about who the main public and philanthropic funders of health research are globally, what they fund and how they decide what gets funded. This study aims to identify the 10 largest public and philanthropic health research funding organizations in the world, to report on what they fund, and on how they distribute their funds. METHODS The world's key health research f...

Philanthropic decision-making is important both for its potential to provide insight into human behaviour and for its economic significance. In recent years, investigations of charitable-giving behaviour have expanded substantially, including explorations from a variety of disciplinary perspectives such as economics, marketing, sociology, public administration, anthropology, evolutionary biolog...

Philanthropic foundations routinely evaluate and measure the performance of nonprofit organisations to which they distribute funds, as well programmes that are funded. Another aspect philanthropic foundations’ evaluation processes, receives comparatively little attention within academic or practitioner literature, concerns evaluations grant applications. While focus literature is mainly on ‘how...

The value of using a higher radix for modular multiplication in the context of RSA is investigated. The main conclusion is that for algorithms which perform the multiplication via repeated addition, there is, broadly speaking, a direct trade-off between space and time provided by change of radix. Thus chip area utilised is roughly proportional to speed. However, initially as the radix is increa...

In this paper, we propose a new concurrency control algorithm based on multi-agent systems which is an extension of majority protocol. Then, we suggest a clustering approach to get better results in reliability, decreasing message passing and algorithm’s runtime. Here, we consider n different transactions working on non-conflict data items. Considering execution efficiency of some different...