We consider learning a causal ordering of variables in a linear nongaussian acyclic model called LiNGAM. Several methods have been shown to consistently estimate a causal ordering assuming that all the model assumptions are correct. But the estimation results could be distorted if some assumptions are violated. In this letter, we propose a new algorithm for learning causal orders that is robust...

Reinvestigation of the fermentation broth and mycelium of the fungus Phoma herbarum led to the isolation of a new phytotoxic nonenolide, namely, (7R,9R)-7-hydroxy-9-propyl-5-nonen-9-olide, which was designated with the trivial name herbarumin III (3). The known compounds herbarumins I (1) and II (2) were also obtained. The structure of 3 was elucidated by spectroscopic methods and molecular mod...

1. Suitable conditions have been determined for growing the fungus Phoma foveata in culture for optimum production of pigments. 2. The pigments have been extracted and fractionated according to their solubility in aqueous bicarbonate, carbonate and alkali. 3. The carbonate- and alkali-soluble pigments have been further separated by chromatography and shown to consist of anthraquinone derivative...