Background: To determine the basic physical and dosimetric properties of a new synthetic single-crystal diamond detector and its application for relative small field dosimetry. Materials and Methods: The pre-irradiation dose required to stabilize detector response, dose rate dependence, photon and electron energy dependence, temperature dependence and angular dependence of MicroDiamond detector...

In a nutshell, both ? maybe. In other words, there?s currently no clear diagnosis for marijuana addiction [2], but dependence from excessive use can manifest in both physiological and psychological symptoms. Check out Drinking addiction: Psychological or physical? [3] for more info on the differences between psychological dependence and physical dependence. However, keep in mind that dependence...

Based on the nonlinear system theory, we introduce previously undescribed dependence measures for stationary causal processes. Our physical and predictive dependence measures quantify the degree of dependence of outputs on inputs in physical systems. The proposed dependence measures provide a natural framework for a limit theory for stationary processes. In particular, under conditions with qui...

Both philosophers and psychologists have argued for the existence of distinct kinds of explanations, including teleological explanations that cite functions or goals, and mechanistic explanations that cite causal mechanisms. Theories of causation, in contrast, have generally been unitary, with dominant theories focusing either on counterfactual dependence or on physical connections. This paper ...