Most studies use quantitative measures to assess spatial planning outcomes. Instead, this paper proposes a novel qualitative framework outcomes that seek understand why conform to, or deviate from, the intentions of instruments. This links conformance perspective with governance research. We tested our analytical in six Swiss and German municipalities. Drawing on interviews, observations docume...

financial derivatives are new instruments through which hedging, investment and arbitrage are done in a modern economy. although the word 'derivative'primarily reminds us of options and futures, the major focus of the equity derivatives industry worldwide is on index derivatives. launching index options and index futures in tehran stock exchange, not only increases financial market de...

the most important environmental pollutant in steel industry is air pollution due to the process of its products. optimise sitting for this industry, in a great extend will prevent pollutants and emissions. khorasan steel company is located near some populous villages and three rivers. it is necessary to perform an investigation for providing abatement and control of air pollution, in time of p...

Patient-specific instruments (PSI) aim to improve the accuracy of total knee replacement (TKR) based on computer-assisted preoperative planning. In this work, the authors describe the advantages and pitfalls of PSI based on their clinical experience. The main conclusion of this work is that PSI has direct impact on the logistical and technical features of TKR with some advantages and pitfalls.

In order to safeguard biodiversity in forest we need to know how forest policy instruments work. Here we use a nationwide network of 9400 plots in productive forest to analyze to what extent large-scale policy instruments, individually and together, target forest of high conservation value in Norway. We studied both instruments working through direct regulation; Strict Protection and Landscape ...

RATIONALE, AIMS AND OBJECTIVES The diversity of the population worldwide suggests a great need for cross-culturally validated research instruments or scales. Researchers and clinicians must have access to reliable and valid measures of concepts of interest in their own cultures and languages to conduct cross-cultural research and/or provide quality patient care. Although there are well-establis...

Action description languages, such as A and B (Gelfond and Lifschitz 1998), are expressive instruments introduced for formalizing planning domains and planning problem instances. The paper starts by proposing a methodology to encode an action language (with conditional effects and static causal laws), a slight variation of B, using Constraint Logic Programming over Finite Domains. The approach ...

Policy instruments at least partly intended to promote mixed tenure include the Right to Buy, other low-cost home ownership schemes, aspects of estate and urban regeneration policy and the use of the planning system. While it might seen that 'tenure diversification' and 'mixed tenure' are euphemisms for breaking up social housing estates and reducing the total stock of social housing, the opera...

Organizational knowledge is a crucial aspect for the strategic planning of an enterprise. The enterprise architecture management (EAM) deals with all perspectives of the enterprise architecture with regard to planning, transforming and monitoring. Maturity models are established instruments for assessing these processes in organizations. Applying the maturity model development process (MMDP), w...

Transnasal endoscopic orbital decompression is a viable alternative for external orbital decompression. Today, it can be performed due to the great development of endoscopic technology and specific endoscopic surgical instruments. It requires strong anatomic knowledge and skilled hands. We present our experience with endoscopic orbital decompression focusing on the surgical technique used in ou...